There are various test procedures. For ESD, there are official tests like the Human Body Model, where a capacitor is charged to a specific voltage and discharged into the circuit. Similarly, for latchup, there are official tests that apply specific pulses. Metastability can be tested by applying asynchronous signals, but I'm not sure how that scales when the MTBF is very large.
Human Body Model: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-body_model
Latchup testing: https://www.ti.com/lit/wp/scaa124/scaa124.pdf?ts=17555138993...