How computers work, from the atom up

[lathamcity]

http://programmers.stackexchange.com/a/81715/62193

[pierrend]

For people interested by this subject you can look at the free online MIT course "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics". See https://www.edx.org/courses/MITx/6.002x/2012_Fall/about It is a good course covering all the "Middle Age" part from the answer linked on stackexchange.com

[pook]

An interesting course and text is From NAND to Tetris [1], which builds up from the raw silicon up to the application layer.

[1] http://www1.idc.ac.il/tecs/