Interesting..! I've had something very similar happen on Fedora running btrfs, too.. No hardware failures (drive was great, still run it to this day a year later), no kernel panics, the partition just stopped booting out of the blue, with the rescue shell also being completely broken.
I think I almost managed to get some of my files back, but after an error on my part it corrupted itself to the degree where the only answer you could find online was something like "just give up, no one can help you now :(".
Lost a bunch of important data and still a bit mad about it, but at least now I'm back on NixOS with ext4 with no issues so far!
Not who you are replying to, but I used XFS extensively in production workloads because at the time it had a few features I needed that ext4 didn't have. (I want to say one of them was support for 64-bit inodes? I don't really recall now.) And most importantly no waiting for the system to fsck on a large or slow filesystem that was unmounted uncleanly by a power or system failure. At the time, XFS was also a bit faster than ext4 but I'm not sure if that's still true. The differences between the two are fewer these days but it's still a great general-purpose workhorse filesystem.
xfs is high performance and also rock-solid, I picked it for servers and like to be consistent in my experience, I never shrink volumes and to be frank I am a bit of a hipster/eternal contrarian.
I've burned my fingers once on it and recommend xfs ever since, no issues so far.