Wi-Fi Calling is a mix of GRE/IPSec tunnels to carrier servers (which were still functioning during the outage) that then hook into cellular infra on the backend (which wasn't working). On my firewall, I was seeing phones make that GRE tunnel connection, but it was just a gaping void after that.
FaceTime does not use cellular infra at all (except as a potential IP network interface)
2FA via SMS is 1.3FA at best: an inherently insecure medium on a network that can go down. What's more annoying is that most web services won't allow the use of VoIP numbers for 2FA.
I'm on AT&T which is fortunately up and working - but it sucks so bad at a baseline level that it might as well be having an outage too lol.