A great question that I came across in Hypothesis Driven Development a long time ago: Should you use Frequentist Statistics or Bayesian Statistics? It's relevant when you do A/B or Multivariate Testing.
As it was very difficult for someone like me without higher stats or math education, I can highly recommend the following additional sources:
The Bayesian approach to A/B testing gives an interesting example of how frequentists and Bayesian approaches can differ.
A frequentist approach tries to limit the probability that a test setup will accept a 'false' result, one that could simply arise by chance.
A Bayesian approach actually calculates the probability that a test result could occur 'by chance'. You can then stop the test at any point and be sure you only accept <x% of results that could occur by chance, by the power of expectation values you never breach the x% limit no matter how often you 'stop' the test.
The interesting thing is that while these would seem to be very similar, there actually isn't anything stopping the Bayesian approach from accepting any test eventually. Giving it 0 statistical power in the frequentist sense. The only thing the Bayesian approach ensures is that for any 'false' test you accept after time T there are many more that will keep running.
The Bayesian stance is that you should not care. The frequentist stance is that a test that has a p-value of 1 is the worst possible.
My stance is that you should know why to care about either. Oh and that the thing you're calculating an expected value off should somehow contribute linearly to your profits/costs, averages do strange things to nonlinear functions.
Eh, even an expected value that's linear with respect to profits can end up with strange results like the St. Petersburg paradox. In general, naively maximizing it breaks down at the point where you stop being insensitive to the possible risks.
If happiness is, e.g., log(money), then you can just adjust the game to have the payout be $2^2^n after the nth step. This cancels out the logarithm and recovers the paradox. The only way to get out of it with diminishing returns is to have happiness reach a finite asymptote.
When there is a decent probability that you may crash the financial system I'm nor even sure if a strictly monotonically increasing function is appropriate.
This article is very interesting and informative, however it's a bit ironic that an article about misinterpretations of the meaning of the p-value, misinterprets the misinterpretation; in the first blue box it's clear that Bernstein is interpreting the p-value as the probability of randomly rejecting the null (which is what you do when you get something statistically significant) yet in the text following that they say he's interpreting it as the probability of the null.
Bernsteins mistake is that he appears to interpret it as an unconditional probability rather than a conditional one (correct interpretation; p-value = Prob(rejecting the null when the null is true)).
> correct interpretation; p-value = Prob(rejecting the null when the null is true)
This is also not quite correct. The p-value is the probability of falsely rejecting the null due to sampling error. It is quiet on all other errors that are frequently committed.
Yes I had the same issue. But the wording "there is a < 5% probability that an outcome was the result of chance" is in fact problematic since many readers will go on to conclude "hence a >95% probability that the outcome was not the result of chance", so it is easier to misinterpret than the technical definition P( Observation | H_0 ).
In courses I will typically use wordings like "If there was truly no association, then the probability of getting an observation like this is <5%".
When the author says "objective" they are referring to a prior that gives equal weight to values within the null hypothesis and to those without (along with a few other things: symmetric and non-increasing away from the mean). I appreciate this approach, and think there's much to commend it, but think that that's a key thing to be aware of (because any use of "objective" when referring to priors is, shall we say, dubious).
As it was very difficult for someone like me without higher stats or math education, I can highly recommend the following additional sources:
- https://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(21)03256-9/ful...
- https://amplitude.com/blog/frequentist-vs-bayesian-statistic...
- https://indico.cern.ch/event/568904/contributions/2651065/at...