Quantitative hedge fund. They pay well and depending on what desk (What the team is trading) you end up joining, the environment is in between corporate and startup.
I've been eyeing quant dev as a career path for quite some time, but it's always felt like a longshot given my background (non-CS degree).
As someone with frontend experience (Vue.js) at a startup and backend experience (ASP.NET) at a government position, how difficult would it be for me to get my foot in the door?
Not difficult at all. Most quant dev position require you to be decent at coding in either python/JavaScript or C#. If they see you have that capability, you can land an interview at least. They do require coming into office though.
