Sure, temperatures go outside those bounds, but only in the most extreme of weather conditions. Below zero? Above 100? You should probably stay inside today.
In relatively hot climates, above 100F is still a pretty reasonable temperature, not something i'd call "extreme".
0F though is crazy cold. Where i live (south-western europe), getting below ~15 F is already considered extreme weather
All that to say that the farenheit system is really geared towards very cold climates. So it's kinda weird that it stuck in a country that also has pretty hot climates in the south
Where I live, 100F is a hellish, blistering day. 0F is just an uncomfortable day in January, but certainly not abnormal. Just wear your big coat and gloves.
That said, 100F in Wisconsin is a very different animal than 100F in Las Vegas. Wisconsin gets brutally humid as it gets hotter, and that makes it even more oppressive. Meanwhile, Nevada gets drier, and so the heat is more bearable.
If anything, I think it's kinda cool that Fahrenheit lines up with perceived temperatures this way, even across different climates with different humidity. Sure, you can point to extremes (Phoenix, Juneau) but those are... well, extremes. For most of us, it's pretty good!
I mean, that "0F to 100F is weather temperature range" completely falls apart unless you live in a very cold climate.