> In 1988, it was proposed that there was quantum Hall effect without Landau levels. [3] This quantum Hall effect is referred to as the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect. There is also a new concept of the quantum spin Hall effect which is an analogue of the quantum Hall effect, where spin currents flow instead of charge currents. [4]
How are spin currents and vorticity in electron vortices related?
From "Physicists Build Circuit That Generates Clean, Limitless Power from Graphene (2020)" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30825430#30839636 :
> "Fluctuation-induced current from freestanding graphene" (2020) https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3748350803951231734...