The Phone app’s Recents tab on iOS, as well as the FaceTime app on macOS should have call log options. If you have iCloud backups enabled, Phone and FaceTime syncing is enabled by default, and if so, you can likely also get the info on iCloud.com unless you have the “Access iCloud Data on the Web” option disabled under Settings app -> Apple ID -> iCloud.
For what it’s worth anecdotally, I have info in my call log going back to 2022. If you have local backups via iTunes and/or Files app, you may also be able to find call logs. Apps such as iMazing Phone Evidence and other tools from that company are able to explore local backups and physically connected devices.
> Phone app’s Recents tab on iOS, as well as the FaceTime app on macOS should have call log options. If you have iCloud backups enabled, Phone and FaceTime syncing is enabled by default
Recents only goes back a few days. I don’t see Phone or FaceTime as options in my iCloud back-up, and there is no folder in Files corresponding to them. (Are you referring to iCloud Drive? I don’t have it enabled.)
Granted, there is a good chance I disabled something somewhere, because I’m not a fan of a tech company having more information than it needs on me.
I think your experience is normal. I have Advanced Data Protection enabled and all default iCloud backup settings enabled, so I may have a more inclusive backup than is the norm.
> I don’t see Phone or FaceTime as options in my iCloud back-up
It’s under Settings, then the top navigation [your Apple ID name] section above Airplane Mode which is the Apple ID settings -> iCloud -> Apps using iCloud -> Show All.
This Apple Support page may be helpful to you and others.
> Locate backups of your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch
> Find a list of your iOS or iPadOS backups on your Mac, PC, and iOS or iPadOS device. Learn how to delete backups, copy them, and more.
If you know how to access these records from a year ago, I’M genuinely curious for the answer, because I couldn’t for the life of me figure that out.