The same thing that happens when 1+1 == 3, or when a task tries to write to memory that it doesn't have permissions for. The static analysis that your system relies on for correct behavior is no longer valid, so a hardware belt-and-suspender mechanism (a schedule overrun timer interrupt, a lockstep core check failure, or an MPU fault, respectively) resets or otherwise safe-states the failed ECU and safety is assured higher up in the system analysis.
The same thing that happens when 1+1 == 3, or when a task tries to write to memory that it doesn't have permissions for. The static analysis that your system relies on for correct behavior is no longer valid, so a hardware belt-and-suspender mechanism (a schedule overrun timer interrupt, a lockstep core check failure, or an MPU fault, respectively) resets or otherwise safe-states the failed ECU and safety is assured higher up in the system analysis.