This seems to be the original paper. I don't find this paper particularly meaningful, but the effects they did observe showed A/C and C/C to be about the same, and both different than A/A.
This is based on a 5 hour after caffeine ingestion blood test in smokers. They found no differences in the non-smokers, but those were urine tests taken at variable times (whenever they peed), which seems sketchy to me.
Based on this study, subsequent studies (e.g. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16522833/) seem to group A/C and C/C together, and not look at them independently. C/C is rare enough that studies have trouble getting many individuals from that group.
This seems to be the original paper. I don't find this paper particularly meaningful, but the effects they did observe showed A/C and C/C to be about the same, and both different than A/A.
This is based on a 5 hour after caffeine ingestion blood test in smokers. They found no differences in the non-smokers, but those were urine tests taken at variable times (whenever they peed), which seems sketchy to me.
Based on this study, subsequent studies (e.g. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16522833/) seem to group A/C and C/C together, and not look at them independently. C/C is rare enough that studies have trouble getting many individuals from that group.