How are you going to convince Asia and Africa to stop their economic growth? How are you going to convince Americans to stop driving Ford F150s? How are you going to convince Europeans to stop doing vacations that involves long-distance flights to exotic faraway countries?
Why does economic growth need to be incompatible with going green? I don’t think they are natural opposites, mostly habitual, and habits and outlooks can change if people really want. Now it’s the “really want” that’s at issue here. Maybe this year’s weather opens peoples minds.
An out-of-control spacecraft is hurling towards an asteroid. Engineers onboard argue the only solution is to invent a laser that will blast a tunnel through the asteroid so that the spacecraft can continue safely its out-of-control trajectory.
Its an insane strategy. Predicated, among others, on the impossibility of getting back into the control room and charting a non-collision course (which among others will ensure we can better handle any future sustainability challenges). I would challenge that assumption (but with a caveat).
The obstacles you mention are real and in a sense currently as complex to model and work through. Its the difference of socially engineering the complex system that is human society versus biophysically engineering the complex system that is the Earth's biosphere.
Social change is intrinsically easier and far more comprehensive insurance: There is a lot of precedent of purposeful social change and the enormous historical diversity of socioeconomic structures points out to very flexible systems. The obstacles you mention did not even exist a few decades ago. There is nothing deterministic about the current state of the world. Its all in our freaking brains, a lot of it just inane over-consumption because for a while the answer was... why not.
The caveat is that a minimum amount of social change needs to be truly global. This is something unprecedented. We are living through a historically unique moment where the random walk of political and socioeconomic evolution folds onto itself: its canvas is now a finite manifold. Cherished behaviors, power games etc may no longer be part of the solution space.
Remains to be seen how our complex system will adapt.
There is no solution. The industrialized nations used the externality of carbon emissions to build their current status. These nations are unwilling to subsidize and compensate developing nations so that they can develop while using clean energy.
Politicians can't tell their constituents the truth -- that their lifestyles are destroying the planet and are unsustainable. They'll be replaced be politicians that tell voters what they want to hear or scapegoat others.
Geoengineering is the only solution.