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Looking at the paper it uses Gallium, Indium and tin - not particularly abundant metals (yes, tin as well).

Global annual production of Gallium in particular is ~770 tonnes - about a fifth of the amount of gold mined.

The element is found largely in bauxite at a concentration of 50ppm, so recovering it is an involved affair.




Is the global production so low because of how rare it is, or because there's not many uses, so the small amount of gallium produced as a byproduct of aluminum production is sufficient for current demand?


There might even be sources richer than 50 ppm for it, but bauxite is already mined for aluminium, so that part comes for free.

For a while we imagined Gallium Arsenide would replace Silicon in HPC, but then Seymour Cray died and there was nobody stubborn enough to make it work.




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