Urine streams aerosolize bacteria present in the toilet; sitting understandably causes more exposure than standing. A custom foam covering the interior surfaces is effective at negating the splash effect (though it presumably needs reapplication after a flush).
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s1375...
This mentions a paper by Yahya 1992 https://www.jstor.org/stable/44535384 which examines use of surfactants (soaps) in flush water, and finds them to be effective. Seems to be more useful than disinfectants like chlorine.
Urine streams aerosolize bacteria present in the toilet; sitting understandably causes more exposure than standing. A custom foam covering the interior surfaces is effective at negating the splash effect (though it presumably needs reapplication after a flush). https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s1375...
A recent literature review https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jam...
This mentions a paper by Yahya 1992 https://www.jstor.org/stable/44535384 which examines use of surfactants (soaps) in flush water, and finds them to be effective. Seems to be more useful than disinfectants like chlorine.