On: SpatiaLite: Extends SQLite core to support Spatial...

[clumsysmurf]

Is there anything like this for time-series sensor data (temperature, humidity, etc)?

[sideshowb → clumsysmurf]

Geopandas adds gis operations to pandas, which is good with time series, if that helps. Can read and write several common formats.

[dvisca → clumsysmurf]

There is the OGC SensorThings API spec for accessing sensor data. For storage I would assume something like GeoPackage or SpatiaLite would be sufficient.