You have to make giant, sweeping mistakes a part of your career or personality. Rush Limbaugh lost one tangential job, but is still influential and wealthy.
No I would not say it did. Being publicly shamed, kicked out of a conference, fired, and having your name posted all over the place are the kinds of things that tend to stay with you. Remember, we're talking about a stupid dick joke between friends.
The whole thing got way out of hand and I'm sure it was very stressful. On the other hand, I understand he had a new job in short order. (On still the other hand, the person who kicked the whole thing off was also fired and AFAIK was basically locked out of the industry--at least in any public role.)
Several years ago two guys (who iirc were friends and there together) were at some industry conference and one whispered to the other a suggestive joke about dongles. A woman (who I believe was a complete stranger to both of them) was sitting a few rows back and heard them and posted on Twitter how these guys were horrible misogynists and etc and got the Twitter mob to attack them.