True, fitting a game and a boot loader into 512 bytes is very impressive. You can build pretty tiny rust binaries if you don’t link the std library though. Check this out for some tricks: https://github.com/johnthagen/min-sized-rust
That blog post explains the vga buffer quite nicely so you should also be able to use the same information when writing assembler.
That minesweeper game seems to only use the vga buffer and that blog series explains that tech very well.