The operators don't have to be verifiably associative -- I'm pretty sure that's impossible to verify, in general, thanks to the halting problem -- but it would be nice to be able to declare operators associative.
Clojure looks like it could easily be made to support the kind of thing Steele is talking about: its immutable vectors are implemented as trees of array chunks, to which you could apply an associative operation in parallel.
Slides of "From Concurrency to Parallelism: an illustrated guide to multi-core parallelism in Clojure" by David Liebke at the first Clojure Conj. Video will eventually be up at clojure.blip.tv
Clojure looks like it could easily be made to support the kind of thing Steele is talking about: its immutable vectors are implemented as trees of array chunks, to which you could apply an associative operation in parallel.