Wow, the "except as punishment for a crime" was used to reimplement slavery throughout the south from 1866 to 1941, with widespread arrests of black people on bogus charges, and then selling them to Corporations to be worked to death and beaten as a free labor source that can work 16 hours a day 365 days a year. And all well documented. I had not heard that before and I thank you for linking to a book that documents it.
