Investment banking is one, another is corporate law. It's incredibly difficult to get a job in either field without a degree from a top school, with top grades. Google hires lots of people with degrees from state schools (or without degrees!). That's not the case at, say, McKinsey. Neither job inherently requires a degree from a top school, but it's almost a prerequisite to get the job.
u/stcredzero's example is also a great one, as over-regulation is a massive problem. However, it's not as much of an issue for higher paying jobs, which I think are more relevant when we're discussing high-end software engineers.
Note: I'm discussing over-regulation. There's a very strong case for heart surgeons to be highly regulated. There's a weaker case for having strict regulations for hairdressers.
