Cities have up to hundreds of autonomous precincts to comprise a single police department.
Every single city and municipality has its own separate police department.
States pass laws allowing for overlapping jurisdictions at their discretion.
No study about "police officers" is going to address that. Elevating these studies to that level is going to continually get conflicting results.
No person knows what a random internal police department's memo on what justified force is. Nobody will know if some local municipality had just reviewed and changed that standard, or if they are currently in a bout of actual corruption.
Every single city and municipality has its own separate police department.
States pass laws allowing for overlapping jurisdictions at their discretion.
No study about "police officers" is going to address that. Elevating these studies to that level is going to continually get conflicting results.
No person knows what a random internal police department's memo on what justified force is. Nobody will know if some local municipality had just reviewed and changed that standard, or if they are currently in a bout of actual corruption.