1) Because splice(2) requires either the source or sink to be a pipe. The source is a regular file so the sink has to be a pipe.
2) Because the example Rust program(s), emulating yes(1), had no [simple] way to measure throughput except by piping to another program. We can't fairly compare program A that writes directly to /dev/null with program B that writes to a pipe even if program A can measure its throughput.
2a) What jwilk said.
3) For some reason I thought that glibc had optimizations to elide fwrites to /dev/null, and some of my code was using stdio (e.g. for the final trailing bytes less than the pagesize). I could've sworn either glibc or bash did this, but I can't find any mention of it, now. I realize it would be crazy difficult and ugly for glibc to do this (because of dup2, etc), but glibc does alot of crazy things, and in any event I didn't bother checking beforehand.
Mostly it comes down to fairly comparing benchmarks and kernel facilities. Otherwise, yes, those would be classic examples of Useless Use of Cat.
