You apply mathematics all the time - when you watch a car, you estimate based on it's position, first derivative (velocity) and 2nd derivative (acceleration) whether it is safe to cross the road. But you do that intuitively, and you're probably asking about using math explicitly. In that case ....
Probability is useful in any setting that requires a decision, and can often be done in your head or back-of-the-envelope style. Requires that you be aware of bayes' rule (and base rate fallacy) to not lead you astray.
Logarithmic scales are often useful for things that behave that way - like stock and currency prices. It's very rare to see a long term logarithmic graph of such values, although much of the information is only apparent on this scale.
Probability is useful in any setting that requires a decision, and can often be done in your head or back-of-the-envelope style. Requires that you be aware of bayes' rule (and base rate fallacy) to not lead you astray.
Logarithmic scales are often useful for things that behave that way - like stock and currency prices. It's very rare to see a long term logarithmic graph of such values, although much of the information is only apparent on this scale.