For Linux/Unix, I'm going to recommend a book, which for now is probably too ambitious: "Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective" by Bryant and O'Hallaron, a.k.a. "CSAPP".
Most books on systems—computer architecture, compilers,
operating systems, and networking—are written as if the
reader were going to design and implement such a system.
We call this the “builder's persepective.” We believe
that students should first learn about systems in terms
of how they affect the behavior and performance of their
programs—a “programmer's perspective.”
I'm recommending CSAPP to give you an idea of where the end lies. If you grok its material, you will know more about OS kernels than would be required for any typical front-end or back-end web development job.
I have a copy of an old edition of that book on my bookshelf, published 2003. I haven't gotten around to read it yet. I bought it because the cover stood out to me at a flea-market, and also because it was one of only a few books there which were about computers and I wanted to pick up some computer books for cheap.
I took this course with O'Hallaron and it's fantastic. I highly recommend doing the labs that come with it- they're fun and give you lots of working experience with the material.
http://csapp.cs.cmu.edu/3e/perspective.html
This book is targeted at working programmers:
I'm recommending CSAPP to give you an idea of where the end lies. If you grok its material, you will know more about OS kernels than would be required for any typical front-end or back-end web development job.