Yes, more like multi-methods, except for standard qualifiers (:around, :before, ...) and user-defined ones. OTOH, Clojure allows you to define a custom dispatch function.
Ah yes, Clojure has no first-class support for aspects. Its easy enough to monkey patch definitions for the rare case when its needed.
Most of the time however I try to avoid aspects as they introduce hidden behaviour in existing functions, which can be hard to reason about at scale, especially with more than a few developers.
These look very much like Clojure's protocols and multi-methods.