That wasn't PCRE. That was Perl. PCRE just copied the features that people liked in Perl, and made them available elsewhere.
The same features have also been implemented independently many times. For example Ruby, Java and Python all have independent implementations of regular expressions with a lot of the same features.
Perl started with Henry Spenser's regular expression library, which was written in the mid-1980s. That got used in a lot of places, and may have been used in sed. It includes backreferences. I don't know what predates that.
Perl used that as a starting place and began adding extensions such as the difference between .* and .*?.
So using "non-regular thing" as a regular expression predates Perl. But the dialect we standardized on with the features people now expect is due to Perl's influence.
The same features have also been implemented independently many times. For example Ruby, Java and Python all have independent implementations of regular expressions with a lot of the same features.