Why stop at man pages examples, should go all the way to literate programming enabled examples with the help of CUE configs language [1].
Perhaps it's overkill for power users, but most of the users will probably find it handy for the tricky find tool and friends [2].
I think other Unix/Linux users will find the literate programming approach as more useful, intuitive and less error prone ways to complement The Linux Programming Interface book [3].
[1] Cue Does It All, but Can It Literate? (22 comments)
> The LLM makes this easier but the improvement drops to about 2-3x b/c there is a lot of back and forth + me reading the code to confirm etc (yes, another LLM could do some of this but then that needs to get setup correctly etc)
> The back and forth part can be faster if e.g. you have scripts/programs that deterministically check outputs
This is where configuration language like CUE can be useful in complementing LLM [1].
It's the deterministic NLP cousin of the stochastic LLM based on mathematically sound latticed-value logic [2].
>I can't guess what valid use they might have had,other than religious. They seem pointless.
I agreed there are for religious purposes but certainly not pointless for them.
My hypothesis is that it is for their offerings to God, perhaps a fraction from the population fresh produced. In religion like Islam you need to set aside 2.5% of yearly income for charity from farming produces, for example.
These rectangular structures namely Mustatil (rectangle) are very common (over 1000 of them) in built in ancient Arabia and they probably also being used for religious offerings [1]. The location are normally on top of the hills or elavated places similar to this.
Fun facts, Abrahamic religions have common rectangular religious structures. The Kaaba in Mecca was originally in rectangular shape before taking the modern square footprint or iconic cube structure [2]. According to Islamic tradition it's believe to be the first house of worship ever being built in the world by Adam. It's later reconstructed and renovated by Abraham and his son Ishmael.
The ancient Jews during Moses time also has rectangular portable worship structure so-called Tabernacle containing the infamous Ark of the Covenant [3].
Recently in 2025 a unique, 2,800-year-old First Temple-period cultic structure, featuring a 220-square-meter rectangular area, was discovered on the eastern slope of the City of David in Jerusalem. This site includes a ritual altar, a standing stone (masseba), a winepress, and an oil press, indicating significant ritual activity.
The Abrahamic narrative is that everyone started from Adam and Eve. Adam and Eve believe in one single God in the heaven.
Adam was sent down from heaven to the earth, to be the successor (Arabic caliph) to the "one" God. In Semitic language "one" is literal one, not 2 or 3. For example the name Allah in Arabic and Hebrew by definition does not has plural equivalent or gender, like Gods or Goddest.
But overtime by ignorance, people started worshipping idols alongside the original God. These idols were originally in the physical form of pious people. Case in point, Christian "worship" Jesus via Trinity concept invention and, Buddhist worship Buddha idol. It is the job of these later messengers/prophets to remind these ignorant people to worship one true God, some of them have book/kitab/suhuf/scripture from God as guidance. Muslim believe Quran is the last and the only uncorrupted holy scripture remaining.
For muslim, however, Jesus (or most likely Buddha as well), is just another messengers/prophets from the long list of messengers/prophets than ended in Muhammad.
Fun facts all of the main major religious scriptures Hindu, Jewish, Christian, Buddhist has description or prophecy of Muhammad one way or another.
In Jewish tradition it is well known that they are waiting for three prophets at the the time of Jesus (Messiah) arrival, but denied all of them including Muhammad the last one.
Another fun facts, in the science of human genetic it has yhr concept of mythocondrial eve [1]. This is the proof that we human all come and originated from a single parent, regardless of races.
(op, i just realized you might be mentioning things other's believe, and it might not be an opinion of your own. In this case, I'm sorry if i came as too blunt, its just that i come from a background of religious extremist and i'm particularly picky about some things. I can remove it if you wish, but I'd rather take the criticism.)
This reminds me of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_even_wrong . Its a classic categorization mistake. Its not exactly wrong (its also not right, mind you...), its just non-constructive and almost not worthy of a reply. But since this is a discussion forum, I'll bite.
It judges others on their "ignorance", while embracing it. It talks about religious "narratives" and compares it to belief in the "one true capital G god" (the "real" truthy truth). Meaning it puts one set of beliefs (subjective experiences) above all others, and seems completely unaware of the contradiction while doing so.
It also misunderstands the concept of a mitochondrial Eve. She was not the first, and not the only one alive at the time, she was just the one whose direct lineage survived. Before her there were others. The name "Eve" is doing a lot of work here...
> Fun facts all of the main major religious scriptures Hindu, Jewish, Christian, Buddhist has description or prophecy of Muhammad one way or another.
You mean that $HOLY_BOOK also has a description of the prophecy of the One True Prophet Bob? It must be true, because I'm pretty sure it is.
There's also your point about monotheism.
> overtime by ignorance, people started worshipping idols alongside the original God.
Being someone with a certain admiration for the scientific method, i'm inclined to point out that as far as the history of religion goes (and please correct me about this statement), monotheism seems to be a more recent development (I'm pretty sure hn has people far more qualified than me to add substance here).
My impression is that it's mostly Western secular interpretation while the largest branch of Buddhism and the most predominant in Asia currently is Mahayana where Buddha, or rather Buddhas (as it has many others besides Siddhartha Gautama), are seen as omnipotent spiritual beings with supernatural powers, who are accessible through prayer after apparent death of their human form, which seems close to our traditional concept of deities.
To be fair, it is entirely incorrect about almost everything. I say almost because it deals in dogma, which is usually not even worth discussing, but the other smaller part is "not even wrong".
Care to correct what is/are wrong? By mentioning something are incorrect do not make them incorrect without proof, and the points must be based on the primary scriptures and religious references not whimsical feeling and anecdotal references. I'm merely stating the facts that I gathered and understood based on my acquired knowledge. Admittedly, I can be wrong on these matters but not until it's proven.
While waiting for your forthcoming answers, allow me to guess one of the contentions, if I may. Based on my comments, it will be that the Jews were awaiting for these three prophesized prophets at the time of Jesus arrival based originally on the Old Testament. Based on the Quran and muslim tradition, the two of them are Jesus the Messiah (literally Christ or Christos in Greek, or the Annointed One in English), and the other is "prophet similar to Moses" namely the final messenger/prophet Muhammad.
These are the verses from the Bible New Testament recording that the Jews around the time of Jesus arrival were actively waiting for these three prophesized prophets [1].
"(19) And this is the record of John, when the Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, Who art thou?
(20) And he confessed, and denied not; but confessed, I am not the Christ.
(21) And they asked him, What then? Art thou Elias? And he saith, I am not. Art thou that prophet? And he answered, No."
Based on Jewish scripture and also the Old Testament (Deutronomy 18), the latter or the third prophesized prophet is similar in profiles and characters to Moses [2].
Muhammad fits this very description like a glove, since both Moses and Muhammad are very similar.
They both:
1) triumphed over their enemies
2) performed migration/exodus/hijrah
3) died not in the birthplace
4) died natural deaths
5) got married
6) had children
7) led their people
8) established new laws (Sharia)
9) engaged in warfare
10) became prophet at around 40 years old, etc
It's not very clear from the New Testament but in the original Jewish scripture the verse mentioned "brethren of the Israelites" - as a reference to Muhammad, who is a descendant of Ishmael (brother of Isaac/ancestor of Israelites). Please note that from the Torah part of the Tanakh, the provided interpretation of the word "brethren" is from fellow Israelites (but not the verse itself) [3].
The Dead Dea Scrolls version of these verses provided by the following translations [4]. Interestingly there are 30 physical copies of the Deuteronomy in the collection, and apparently it is one of the very popular chapters hidden inside the caves of Qumran.
"(18) I will raise them up a prophet from among their brothers, like you. I will put my words in his mouth, and he shall speak to them all that I shall command him.
(19) It shall happen, that whoever will not listen to my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him"
Fun facts, Muhammad is an illiterate person, he cannot read and only recite the Quran exactly as conveyed verbatim to him from the God via the the archangel Gabriel.
Another fun facts, every chapters in the Quran (except Surah At-Tawbah) begin in the God's name or Bismillah ("In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful").
Another extra fun facts, Moses by far is the most frequently mentioned name in the Quran (136), and Jesus or Isa appeared only 25 times. Please note that Isa is the actual Aramaic/Arabic name of Jesus since letter J is the a medieval Latin invention not present in ancient or modern Greek. But if we include Jesus other names referred in the Quran in addition to Isa, namely Ibn Maryam (son of Maryam) and Al-Masih (The Messiah or Christ), it will be tied second with Abraham at 69.
It's really inevitable isn't it, we are going from RAG to PAG, or physical augmented generation.
We already have PINN or physics-informed neural networks [1]. Soon we are going to have physical field computing by complex-valued network quantization or CVNN that has been recently proposed for more efficient physical AI [2].
Perhaps any new language targetting GPU acceleration would consider TILE based concept and primitive recently supported by major GPU vendors including Nvidia [1],[2],[3],[4].
For more generic GPU targets there's TRITON [5],[6].
[1] NVIDIA CUDA 13.1 Powers Next-Gen GPU Programming with NVIDIA CUDA Tile and Performance Gains:
Not sure if the author know about CUE, here's the HN post from early this year on literate programming with CUE [1].
CUE is based of value-latticed logic that's LLM's NLP cousin but deterministic rather than stochastic [2].
LLMs are notoriously prone to generating syntactically valid but semantically broken configurations thus it should be used with CUE for improving literate programming for configs and guardrailing [3].
[1] CUE Does It All, But Can It Literate? (22 comments)
>French customs then took root through England and English affairs began to change in various ways
You can replace this statement with French language and it's still be true:
French "language" then took root through England and English "language" began to change in various ways.
Fun facts, about one-third of modern English language are actually made up from French words and vocabulary.
I remember reading one posted announcement notice at a French university, and surprisingly understood most of the contents of the notice although it's written in French and I cannot speak French.
However, if I don't read the notice but relies on French to verbally reading the notice to me, I'd not understand the contents.
Apparently most of the working and professional words in English were taken from French (this made up most of the loan words from French to English). Thus the notice is easily understandable by reading it if you know English language since the notice is in professional setting (i.e university).
Fun facts, the patron of Almagest Abassid Caliph Al-Ma'mun was also the founder of Baitul Hikmah in Baghdad that was aggressively translating important foreign manuscripts due to weight gold equivalence for Greek/Indian/etc manucsripts translation compensation [1],[2].
According to history, the Caliph once back off his plan of conquering Constantinople (that were later achieved by Ottoman Caliph Fatih) due the Roman (Byzantine) offered him an offer he cannot refused, the original copy of Ptolemy Almagest as important part of the truce arrangements. He certainly capable of overcoming and conquering the Constatinople since during his time, Afghanistan was conquered under Islamic rule for hundred of years that modern Russia and USA cannot achieved. The fact that his mother Marajil, was a princess originally from Afghanistan. This is where the popular saying that asserted only Afghanistan people can conquer Afghanistan. Point in case, the most recent Afghanistan conqurer was Mughal Empire, who was originated from Indian sub-continent Afghanistan. During his time, Al-Khwarizmi published his infamous Algebra book namely Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar fī Ḥisāb al-Jabr wal-Muqābalah (The Concise Book of Calculation by Restoration and Balancing), where we got the word algebra, and from his name Al-Khwarizmi now we have the word "algorithm" [2].
In addition to having translation Baitul Hikmah in Baghdad, Iraq and in other Islamic knowledge center in Toledo Spain (before fall to Spanish Christian and started the European Renaissance), the Islamic civilization also engaged in contributing to science, math, astronomy, etc. Al-Haitham (Alhazen), the founder of optics, and he's also the founder of modern scientific methodology [3].
Having said that, there several Islamic astronomers (Arab/Persian/etc) already proposing against the geocentric idea that most probably that was inspired Galileo. I think he most probably did not come with the original idea of heliocentric model and the Islamic astromoners mosy probably have proposed it before Galileo, but he failed to credit them properly as normally practiced by European scientists at the time.
He cannot possibly have been the patron of the Almagest as Ptolemy lived centuries before he did. Maybe you mean of a translation.
Everyone knows Galileo did not originate a heliocentric model, because he was promoting the Copernican model.
Heliocentric models had been proposed by ancient Greeks, but the Copernican model was a huge advance. There is big difference between just speculating that the sun was the centre of the the universe and an actual mathematical mode.
>He cannot possibly have been the patron of the Almagest as Ptolemy lived centuries before he did. Maybe you mean of a translation.
The Almagest version of the Galileo notes in the OP article is the Latin translation of the Arabic translation by Gerard of Cremona in Toledo around 1175. This makes Al-Ma'mun the patron of Almagest [1].
I've also mentioned that according to history he accepted the offer of the original copy of Almagest (Almajisti) in Greek from the Roman (Byzantine) emperor the time for a truce.
>Heliocentric models had been proposed by ancient Greeks, but the Copernican model was a huge advance. There is big difference between just speculating that the sun was the centre of the the universe and an actual mathematical mode.
The Islamic scholars were not speculating they were the original and earlier researchers of the heliocentric model that Copernicus and Galileo were famous for. It's not even an exxageration to say that both of them were very highly dependent of Islamic scholars work on the required mathematics and the earlier astronomy works (translations, original books contributions, cellestial tables like al-Zij the 11th-century Toledan Tables) as the OP article indicated. Most of these original works by Islamic have been lost and many have not throughly studied. I will argue that Copernicus himself most probably plagiarated some if not all his works from the Islamic scholars wothout properly attributing the original Islamic scholars' sources. Heck the so called telescope invention by Galileo was invented by Islamic scientists several hundreds years before him [2].
>There is a lot more to the scientific method than al-Haytham's minor contribution
Al-Haytham or Alhazen is father of scientific methods, nothing minor about that. One of his famous work of hundreds of books was his seven volumes work in the form His most influential work is titled Kitāb al-Manāẓir (Book of Optics), written during 1011–1021, only survived in a Latin edition. Guess what, Isaac Newton did not even bother to cite and refer to these seminal books by Al-Haytham when he wrote his masterpiece three volumes book on optics namely Opticks: A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light published in English in 1704. For this I will confidently say that Newton of plagiarism since he definitely know about these books in Latin since he's highly proficient in Latin. Heck, Isaac he wrote his greatest masterpiece, the Principia Mathematica, entirely in Latin.
The will and audacity to whitewash Islamic scholar contributions are beyond believe. They even had to change the name from Ibnu Sina to Avicennia, Al-Haytham to Alhazen, Ibnu Rush to Averroes, etc. These Arabics name can be represented in Latin easily. Imagine renaming Ramanujan as Rothman.
[1] Gerard of Cremona’s Latin translation of the Almagest and the revision of tables
Beyond the facts corrected by other user, graemep, the translator school was in fact established after the christian kingdom of Castile conquer the city of Toledo, and the king Alfonso X [1], actually is what is studied as main promoter of it. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_School_of_Translator
Then, first heliocentrism with some approximations of size and distance, as far as I know was Aristarchus of Samos, but there is not much that we know about it.
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos
>Beyond the facts corrected by other user, graemep, the translator school was in fact established after the christian kingdom of Castile conquer the city of Toledo, and the king Alfonso X [1].
I have replied to the other users comments, please check them out.
The Toledan school/library/knowledge centers were not established by king Alfonso, it was continued by him when he captured Toledo from the Islamic Spain Empire in 11th CE [1]. Case in point, the venerable and infamous Toledan Tables were compiled in the 11th century (around 1080) by a group of Arabic astronomers in Toledo, Spain (Al-Andalus), led by the renowned astronomer Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (known in Latin as Arzachel). They were essentially the Zij of Toledo, drawing heavily on earlier zijat from the Islamic world, like those of al-Khwarizmi and al-Battani [2].
The Andalusian parts, however, continue under the muslim rule for several centuries until the genocide and the ethnic cleansing of the muslim and the jews during the final phase of Reconquista in the 15th CE. It ended nearly 800 years of muslim era in Spain which is so far longer than European have been in the American continents [3].
Credit to the Spanish and the European when they make the most of the capture of Toledo centers with all the translated and original books, thus kickstarted the Renaissance age, since before they were in the dark ages [4].
Another fun facts, the Almagest version of the Galileo notes in the OP article is the Latin translation of Almagest by Gerard of Cremona in Toledo around 1175, from the Arabic translation of Almagest performed in the House of Wisdom (or Baitul Hikmah). This makes Al-Ma'mun the patron of the Almagest mentioned the OP article [5].
I maybe didn't express it clearly. Translations started before Christian rule, and continue and were formalized under Christian rule, being King Alfonso one main promoter and actually had Muslims, Jews and Christians translators.
King Alfonso promoted what Raymund of Toledo started, the former school, and for example the Toledan tables where later updated through the Alfonsine tables[1]. Your example of translation by Gerard of Cremona was under the bishop, not under Muslim rule. I am not neglecting the immense knowledge combined of Latin/Greek to Arab and Al-Andalus scholars, Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) was fundamental and a very important Muslim scholar, who was born and lived in Toledo. I was trying to add the fact that translation was further done under Castilian rule.
Some inaccuracies, maybe not relevant, but for any reading. Toledo in 1085 was not part of an empire, was a small Taifa kingdom, [1]. Also, Spain didn't exist as political entity, and it won't until the marriage of Isabel and Fernando and conquer of Granada, forming modern Spain.
Reconquista is not viewed as an actual historical movement during medieval times, check your own link, it was a 19th century build up nationalistic view. Iberian medieval times are complicated. Dark ages is also a not very used concept anymore, from your own link.
There was 800 years of Muslim rule in some parts of the peninsula, but what that implies compared to America is not clear to me. The Iberian peninsula has been settled with plenty of European, north-African, and middle-east ancestry in current Spaniards[3,4]. Spain (and Portugal also in the Iberian Peninsula :-) ) is the result of this mix, including Tartasso, Iberian, Roman, Al-Andalus, Asturias, ... not a independent entity from them.
Whether we like it or not, the only constant in life is change.
>What's the Excel of JSON
Ever heard of CUE that's compatible with JSON and YAML introduced by ex-Googlers? It seamlessly support both types and values, whereas Excel supports ephemeral values [1].
Both CUE and original Excel are non-Turing complete so they don't have the notorious and tricky halting problem.
Someone need to seamlessly integrate LLM with CUE, its NLP deterministic distant cousin based on lattice-valued logic [2],[3].
Truth be told LLM are like the automated loom machine during 19th CE Britain that kick started the industrial revolution. Heck the Toyota conglomerate was once the pioneer of the modern automated loom manufacturer, and looks where they are now after embracing change and pivoted to vehicle manufacturing.
The automated loom machine commoditize the manual looming industry (not unlike modern software engineering) to its oblivion in India, that turned the rich Moghul India with the highest GDP in the whole wide world into the lowest GDP for India during colonial time (include Indian sub-continent namely Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh here if you want apple to apple comparison) [4].
Ignore LLM at your peril in the name of so-called moral authenticity/forgery/lie/etc, and you can go the way of 20th CE India and its sub-continent, settling only at a fraction of its Moghul empire in term of GDP at its very peak.
> Is there a standard CRDT-like protocol for syncing editable graphs yet?
It's for other HN comments but spoiler alert it's called D4M by the nice folks from MIT [5]. We probably don't need full CRDT, local-first capability with eventual consistency will be more than suffice for most things that are of importance.
Perhaps it's overkill for power users, but most of the users will probably find it handy for the tricky find tool and friends [2].
I think other Unix/Linux users will find the literate programming approach as more useful, intuitive and less error prone ways to complement The Linux Programming Interface book [3].
[1] Cue Does It All, but Can It Literate? (22 comments)
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46588607
[2] find(1) — Linux manual page:
https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/find.1.html
[3] The Linux Programming Interface:
https://man7.org/tlpi/
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