MATH 217 was one of my favorites! Ive heard that the math department can be a little unenthusiastic about the non-major courses, but overall it’s a really welcoming place in my experience.
Not sure it's quite so clean. My first was a a girl in underwear standing in front of a wall and turning while introducing herself "My name is __ and I am 19 years old..."
You're not wrong. But over the enormous amount of time since, the "duplicate" organelles and systems needed for independent living were steadily carved out of mitochondria. While they do have their own DNA and replication process, the DNA is basically limited to specific things they need to perform their energy-generation functions and the replication happens when triggered by host cell replication.
It's a bit like if you took the heart from an animal and transplanted it into a human: is it meaningful to call it independently alive? Maybe, it depends what question you're trying to ask.
Unmodified C elegans can certainly live to 3x reproductive age, fwiw. These are all simplistic model organisms by definition but many nearly identical proteins are found in humans and there’s value to studying their structure and function in a very well-known environment. I wouldn’t take it as “just delete IL11 and you’ll live to 130!” but the fact that it’s presented that way is more the fault of marketing departments and science writers.
True, though largely limited to DNA necessary for its functions. I don’t have a citation on me (mobile) but there’s evidence that more “generic” mitochondrial DNA was integrated into the nuclear DNA, and that this is also the case for other endosymbionts.
I have a hypothesis for why this happens. Sexual reproduction has a very neat property: Recombination. Two individuals that each have one harmful mutation can through recombination have offspring without either of them. This allows removal of harmful mutations from the gene pool without terminating someones entire lineage - important when every generation comes with a decade of mutations, unlike microorganisms that are more on the scale of hours or days. However mitochondrial DNA cannot recombine, so it cannot benefit from this mechanism. Therefore it makes sense to move as much DNA as possible from the mitochondria to the nucleus. The same goes for the Y-chromosome, and could explain why it has been losing genes over time at a truly astounding pace.
> In the last 190 million years, the number of genes on the Y has plummeted from more than 1,000 to roughly 50, a loss of more than 95 percent.
I can wholly recommend Mochi: it’s great looking but also quickly becoming feature competitive with Anki. It’ll be a long time before anything hits the long tail of Anki features, but I find the trade offs to be more than worth it.
In addition to the other comment, it's also missing a lot of card types that Anki supports. However, I think this is made up for by the knowledgebase features, so you can use it to take notes stored with / linked to by your SRS.
