Depending on the nature of the study, there's lots of scientific disciplines where it's trivial to get populations in the millions. I got to see a fresh new student's poster where they had a p-value in the range of 10^-146 because every cell in their experiment was counted as it's own sample.
The difficulty comes when you don't know to google, or to ask the LLM because you don't realise that a particular challenge requires addressing. I can build a completely functional webapp that has absolutely no security, and there may be no clear "I should google how to do this" point that would steer me towards tools that would save me from this mistake.
