Tornadoes are exceptional events on the Indian subcontinent: rare to the point of there being occurrences numbering roughly 50 in a recorded meteorological history of 160 years.
This was clipped from the 1965 training film, Magic of Fire (23 minutes), produced by the US Bureau of Mines. By the early nineteenth century it had become known that firedamp became explosive when the flammable gas concentration was between approximately 5 and 15% by volume. On 25 May 1812 an explosion occurred at Felling Colliery, near Gateshead-on-Tyne, killing ninety-two men and boys. Reports of the circumstances behind this accident had such an impact on a London barrister published proposals for the formation of a society to consider ways of preventing such incidents. Called the Sunderland Society its first meeting was held on 1 October 1813. The main result of their deliberations was the invention by Sir Humphrey Davy, working under their auspices, of his now famous flame safety lamp. Despite the introduction of flame safety lamps into coal mines, explosions of firedamp remained a significant problem. Although no formal accident statistics were collected at the time, the number occurring seemingly continued along a rising trend that had been apparent before the Sunderland Society began its deliberations. Responding to this, in 1834 a petition was introduced before Parliament requesting that action be taken to do something about the situation. In response the House of Commons set up a Select Committee to study the occurrence of accidents in coal mines. Over the next four years it is probable that over three hundred coal miners died in explosions. Despite this, still no official action was taken in an attempt to prevent such from occurring. In June 1839 fifty-two men and boys were killed in an explosion at St Hilda Colliery, County Durham.
Arirang 아리랑 is by far the most popular folk song in both Koreas, often considered the unofficial national anthem of Korea and played at the Olympics as a common anthem. There are about 3,600 variations of 60 different versions of the song, all of which include a refrain similar to, "Arirang, arirang, arariyo (아리랑, 아리랑, 아라리요) It is estimated the song is more than 600 years old.
Arirang is included twice on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list. South Korea successfully submitted the song for inclusion on the UNESCO list in 2012. North Korea also successfully submitted the song for inclusion in 2014. In 2015, the South Korean Cultural Heritage Administration added the song to its list of important intangible cultural assets.
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