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Living expenses have to come from somewhere. If you use the time to graduate faster, instead of working to generate weekly income, in some cases you can come out ahead overall. Details vary, but it's not obvious that it's a bad deal.

Essential expenses it certainly makes sense. But it seems some amount of it is treated as disposable income rather than liability.

I think most students in America have loans. For me, and everyone I knew, there was a credit balance after the school got paid and that money was put into your bank account.

Don't forget you have to buy books, etc., and they cost "a couple of hundred dollars" too.

When I was an undergraduate I was definitely on a knife's edge, but I also often had cash in the bank because I got a big cash infusion annually. I just had to live off a very strict budget at that time to make sure the money would last.

I wouldn't have wanted to rely on this service when I was a student, especially at that cost, but in a pinch I could see situations where it would make sense.


I myself was never given access to any funds or credit from student loans.

It would have been nice if I did though.


> It's weird because CMRR is listed in decibels but it's absolutely a DC spec.

If you get the Franco book equation 5.27 (my edition is the 3rd) explains why they do that. Long story short: It's a convenient form when CMRR = dVcm/dVos due to the orders of magnitude involved.


The moral is that you have to be careful. The ratio and decibels giving CMRR might not be the same as quoted for a given closed loop gain at a given frequency of interest.

Try the https://www.ti.com/product/TLV9301 $0.5 @ 1s of units w/ modern specs and a 40V supply range.

You probably don't, but your opamp might. https://www.analog.com/en/resources/technical-articles/to-ch...

Technically you probably could do it externally in most cases but it would require a bunch of extra stuff, and be a pain, so usually it's best to use the stuff built into the amplifier itself.


Oh, sure. You could totally build a chopper op-amp out of two discrete op-amps. I'd never thought about actually doing that...

I've seen designs that use a Chopper Op-Amp to actually auto-zero a power-OpAmp, effectively transferring the low Vos characteristics to a different OpAmp with completely different characteristics.

If the op-amp has a stable Vos I feel like maybe you could zero it by hand with a trimpot? You just need a button to short the inputs together while you're trimming it.

This is necessary because Vos is often a voltage dependent inaccuracy. So as your circuit functions it's Vos is changing up and down.

Yes, if the opamp doesn't have a stable Vos, you probably can't do a very good job of zeroing it with just a trimpot.

Of course National Semiconductor had a chip for this, the LMC669 Auto-Zero.

https://www.electronicsurplus.com/national-semiconductor-cor...


That's only rated good to 5 μV, according to the datasheet. You'd probably be better off with a non-auto-zero LM324B, whose worst-case Vos is rated at 3 μV IIRC. Of course it didn't exist at the time (01989) which is why National made the LMC669.

But the potential advantage that building a chopper (or auto-zero) out of ordinary opamps would be that you don't need to source, order, and await specialized chips. A long-discontinued bolt-on auto-zero for a regular opamp has almost all the disadvantages of just buying an auto-zero opamp.


I was kinda shocked by the Vos comment as well.

On CMRR, in some mathematical treatments it's modeled as a change in offset voltage with respect to common mode, which indirectly effects output voltage of course so at the end of the day it's the same result. (See: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Design_With_Operational... highly recommended )

It's also odd that the 741 was dismissed, as it should be, but the TLV9301 was not recommended. This part is specifically called out on TI's 741 page as what to use instead in 2025. Not only does it perform better in basically every possible spec, it's also a drop in replacement for most, if not all, applications.

https://www.ti.com/product/LM741 https://www.ti.com/product/TLV9301

TLV9301 ($0.5) is also cheaper than a MCP6272 ($0.88)


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