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Depends on your definition of "super fantastic expert" systems.

I was one of the developers/knowledge engineers of the SpinPro™ Ultracentrifugation Expert System at Beckman Instruments, Inc. This was released in 1986, developed over about 2 years. This ran on an IBM PC (DOS)! This was a technical success, but not a commercial one. (The sales force was unfamiliar with promoting a software product, and which had little impact on their commissions vs. selling multi-thousand dollar equipment.) https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-1986-0306.ch023 (behind ACS paywall)

Our second Expert System was PepPro™, which designed procedures for the chemical synthesis of peptides (essentially very small proteins). This was completed and to be released in 1989, but Beckman discontinued their peptide synthesis instrument product line just two months before. This system was able to integrate end-user knowledge with the built-in domain knowledge. PepPro was recognized in the first AAAI Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence in 1989. https://www.aaai.org/Papers/IAAI/1989/IAAI89-010.pdf

Both of these were developed in Interlisp-D on Xerox 1108/1186 workstations, using an in-house expert system development environment, and deployed in Gold Hills Common Lisp for the PC.


Beckman Instruments got our Xerox 1108 in 1983 (and an 1186 a couple of years later). We developed Expert System commercial products in Interlisp-D but ported them to run on the PC (DOS) using the Gold Hill Common Lisp.

That was a wonderful environment to develop on. So, I'm now working on the Medley Interlisp Project!

SpinPro™ designs optimal ultracentrifugation procedures (for biology research) (Beckman manufactures and sells ultracentrifuge instruments.) SpinPro had issues with marketing, with few customers.

PepPro™ designs chemical procedures to synthesize custom peptides (small proteins). PepPro was essentially completed when Beckman Instruments dropped their entire Peptide Synthesis product line. (The PepPro user manual was in final review.)

SpinPro https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-1986-0306.ch023

PepPro https://cdn.aaai.org/IAAI/1989/IAAI89-010.pdf


why Beckman Coulter Life Sciences supported the development of Swish, an extension of Chez Scheme

Having worked at Beckman¹ from 1978-2022, I strongly suspect that the support of a Scheme-based system was due to the educational background of several of the senior developers in that group of the Life Sciences software development team.

¹ Beckman Instruments -> SmithKline Beckman -> Beckman Instruments -> Beckman Coulter -> Beckman Coulter acquired by Danaher 2011 -> Beckman Coulter Capillary Electrophoresis business moved (2013) to AB Sciex (also a Danaher company)


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