After Poland managed to collapse communist regime in partially
free elections in 1989 where all elected sits went to democratic opposition the whole Soviet Union collapsed. Ukraine declared independence in 1991, all regions of Ukraine decided to stay with Ukraine in national referendum.
In 1991 Polish and Ukraine GDP were about equal, both countries have around 40 million citizens.
Poland immediately turned towards West. We rapidly liberated our economy - Balcerowicz reforms. We aimed at joining NATO and EU as guarantees of our independence from Soviets/Russia. After invading Poland in 1939 with Germans, last Russian soldiers left Poland in 1993. We joined NATO in 1999 and EU in 2004.
Ukraine on the other hand was divided between West and East.
In 2021 Polish economy was 3 times bigger than Ukrainian. More than million Ukrainians were economic migrants in Poland.
We made the right choice with turning immediately towards West with full force. Ukraine stumbled.
But they saw that Poland is doing so much better than they were doing. That's why they wanted to join EU. That's what started Euromajdan.
Now Russia is threatening all of us with nuclear holocaust. Every other month you can hear from the highest Russian leadership nuclear threats.
We have lost 20% of population in WWII started by Germany and Soviet Russia. Every fifth person killed.
We are taking Russian holocaust threats 100% seriously.
This makes it worse IMO. I was starting to think it didn’t have a letter by letter representation of the tokens. It does. In which case the fact it didn’t decide to use it speaks even more towards its unsophistication.
Regardless, I’d love if you would explain a bit more why the transformer internals make this problem so difficult?
Transformer needs to retrieve letters per each token while forced to keep internal representation still aligned in length with the base tokens (each token also has finite embedding, while made out of multiple letters), and then it needs to count the letters within misaligned representation.
Autoregressive mode completely alleviate the problem as it can align its internal representation with the letters and it can just keep explicit sequential count.
BTW - humans also can't count without resorting to sequential process.
Which weighs more on earth: 100kg of steel or a 100kg polystyrene ball? Be as technically correct as possible
A:
Technically, 100 kg of steel and 100 kg of polystyrene weigh the same on Earth when measured on a scale, as they both experience the same gravitational force due to their equal mass. However, there are some nuances to consider:
Buoyancy Effect
Earth’s atmosphere exerts an upward buoyant force on objects, proportional to the volume of the object and the density of the surrounding air. Since polystyrene has a much lower density than steel, a 100 kg polystyrene ball will have a significantly larger volume and experience a greater buoyant force compared to 100 kg of steel.
As a result:
• Effective weight (apparent weight): The steel will weigh slightly more than the polystyrene on a scale because the buoyant force acting on the polystyrene reduces its apparent weight more.
Actual Weight
Weight is the gravitational force on an object and is given by:
Where and . Without considering buoyancy, both objects have the same weight of approximately (newtons).
Conclusion
• True weight (in a vacuum): Both are identical at 981 N.
• Apparent weight (in air): Steel is slightly heavier due to reduced buoyant force acting on it compared to the polystyrene ball.
Yup, the models are smart, but are trained to follow standard human patterns for this type of questions. And even on hackernews vast majority will not think that they would need to correct for buoyancy when actually attempting the experiment in standard conditions.
They very often get popular "tricky" questions wrong because they saw it so many times that they switch from internal reasoning to memorization/retrieval.
The task of Russian navy was to invade Odessa and sabotage Ukrainian grain trade. They didn't even attempt Odessa desant, because they knew it was futaile. And they failed at sabotaging Ukrainian grain trade, but not for a lack of effort.
Otherwise these ships served as missile lunchers, but even then they had to widraw to ports far away from Ukraine, because of drone attacks.
Ukraine won the naval battle at tiny fraction of the Russian navy cost.
The ship has long sailed. EU decided that our laws will be applied maximally - to all EU citizens regardless of their location and for everyone within our territorial control.
And if other countries like USA have conflicting laws like Patriot Act then companies can be even forced to divest from EU or split their businesses so that USA branch can not enforce USA spy laws in EU. Google Privacy Shield.
> The ship has long sailed. EU decided that our laws will be applied maximally - to all EU citizens regardless of their location and for everyone within our territorial control.
Ships that have sailed can still be sunk.
> And if other countries like USA have conflicting laws like Patriot Act then companies can be even forced to divest from EU or split their businesses so that USA branch can not enforce USA spy laws in EU.
How is this supposed to apply to a small business with one employee?
Depends on the benchmarks. AI that can actually do end to end the job of software developers, theoretical computer scientists, mathematicians etc. would be significantly more impactful than this.
I want to see AI moving the state of the art of the world understanding - physics, mathematics etc. - the way it moved state of the art of the Go game understanding.
Doing these end to end jobs still falls on user experience and UI, if we are talking about getting to mass market.
This GPT-4o model is a classic example. It is essentially the same model as GPT-4 but these multimodal features, voice conversations, math, and speed is revolutionary as the creation of the model itself.
Open Source LLM will end up as a model in GitHub and will be used by developers but it looks like even if GPT-4o is only 3 months ahead of other models in terms of benchmarks, the UI + Usecase + Model is 2 years ahead of the competition. And I say that because there is still no chat product that is close to what ChatGPT is delivering now, even though there are models that is close to ChatGPT 4o today.
So if it is sticky for 2 more years, their lead will just grow and we will just end up with more open source models that are technically behind by 3 months but behind product-wise by 2 years.
> probably the atomic cooperation is even more important
That's why I don't understand why Budapest Memorandum signatories allow Russia for breaking the security guarantees.
Ukraine gave up fully the third biggest nuclear arsenal for security guarantees from Russia, USA, France and UK.
To me it seems pretty clear that if Ukraine falls then nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation is dead. And that my country, Poland, should seek to develop nuclear weapons.
i agree that nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation is dead. and clearly it is the case that countries that do not develop nuclear weapons will not enjoy westphalian sovereignty as they did for the previous few centuries, but it's not clear that westphalian sovereignty in the nuclear age was the stable equilibrium that it was in the gunpowder age, and now drones have probably made nuclear weapons obsolete, with so-far-unforeseeable consequences for the contours of international relations
it's possible that pursuing the will-o'-the-wisp of westphalian sovereignty under those circumstances will just make the situation worse and increase the chances of human extinction, which (i feel safe in saying) would be a worse outcome for poland
After Poland managed to collapse communist regime in partially free elections in 1989 where all elected sits went to democratic opposition the whole Soviet Union collapsed. Ukraine declared independence in 1991, all regions of Ukraine decided to stay with Ukraine in national referendum.
In 1991 Polish and Ukraine GDP were about equal, both countries have around 40 million citizens.
Poland immediately turned towards West. We rapidly liberated our economy - Balcerowicz reforms. We aimed at joining NATO and EU as guarantees of our independence from Soviets/Russia. After invading Poland in 1939 with Germans, last Russian soldiers left Poland in 1993. We joined NATO in 1999 and EU in 2004.
Ukraine on the other hand was divided between West and East.
In 2021 Polish economy was 3 times bigger than Ukrainian. More than million Ukrainians were economic migrants in Poland.
We made the right choice with turning immediately towards West with full force. Ukraine stumbled.
But they saw that Poland is doing so much better than they were doing. That's why they wanted to join EU. That's what started Euromajdan.
Now Russia is threatening all of us with nuclear holocaust. Every other month you can hear from the highest Russian leadership nuclear threats.
We have lost 20% of population in WWII started by Germany and Soviet Russia. Every fifth person killed.
We are taking Russian holocaust threats 100% seriously.