The irony being that (from a UK perspective at least), in the absence of immigration, childcare and senior care would be even less affordable than they are.
Somebody has to do this work: it's essential, as well as hard, unglamorous and badly paid, and societies must take their pick from:
- Family members, almost always women, who have to give up paid work.
- Paid labour from less educated parts of their existing/indigenous population.
- Migrant labour, whether temporary or permanent.
The great mistake of Brexit is that the UK has now replaced temporary migrant labour (Poles and so on, who'd mostly come here in their early/mid 20s, stay for ten/fifteen years and then go home to raise families and be closer to their elders) with permanent migrants from much poorer countries who won't want to go back if they can at all avoid it.
UK has massively high house prices - at least in "desirable" areas, and some not so desirable ones where it's possible to commute to work in a desirable area.
That doesn't necessarily reflect a shortage, it also reflects availability of money - and therefore the market bearing higher prices. It also reflects the unevenness of the UK economy: the expensive and unaffordable housing is mostly in and around London (where ~all the economic activity is), and in the most scenic of rural areas which is retirees, second-home owners and AirBnB investors. There's plenty of the UK which has affordable housing, but it's too far from anywhere with decent jobs.
The boom in house prices began when it became the norm for educated women to have lifelong progessional careers. All of a sudden there was a huge amount more discretionary income in the educated class. If you consider that, circa 1970, perhaps 20-30% of one male earner's income went on housing and the rest on life's essentials, all of a sudden the potential amount of cash to spend on housing goes from 30% of one income to 130%, a more than 4x increase. It took a while to filter through, sure, but in the end, it has - to the point where most families are now obligated to have two full-time earners.
Housing is a positional good (think about an auction where demand of the most desirable items will always exceed supply), the prices bear almost no relation to rational economic utility and every relation to how much cost people are able to bear. Which is one reason they're so responsive to interest rates i.e. debt affordability.
A 1.49 birth rate and 685k net migration isn't a desirable situation for any country, but the other issue here is the health and productivity of our own population, we're using migrants to prop it up and provide much of the labour needed by the NHS, childcare and elderly care. Our government is massively anti-immigration, and yet immigration remains high, the country can't and won't go cold-turkey on that: it's not practical to do so without further increasing the retirement age, cutting pensions and increasing "sin taxes" to keep a greater proportion of the population healthy enough to work til 70. And that'd be even less popular, politically, than mass immigration.
The reforms the UK needs are to get the economy functioning better in the regions, and to make it much easier to build higher density housing close to where the jobs are. The current system where they can't build apartment blocks on train-station car parks because a bunch of pensioners complain that it spoils their view is massively counterproductive.
If actions speak louder than words then the UK government is not massively anti-immigration. I would say that devolution of power in Britain has ensured that governments are not actually that powerful and unelected authorities with views of their own, hold sway with opinions which do not reflect the electorate. Polls suggest that a majority of people would like reduced migration. Problems abound.
I agree with you about the reforms but basically Brits live beyond their means and need to lower expectations or face a very uncertain future. The NHS is a good example. Demand is literally infinite. We're all going to die and likely suffer an ailment demanding treatment so how can a health service which fails to match that hard reality, survive. As you say, we can use stick and carrot to attenuate demand but it's finally going to crack IMO as was prophetically illustrated so tragically in the pandemic.
Asking people - or indeed governments - in isolation if they'd like less migration is a bit like asking if they'd like less rain. Leaders and media who were up-front about the reality of the choices we face would make for a less toxic situation, but they're too lazy and cowardly, it's easier to lie for political points than to tell hard truths.
Agree re the NHS, my overall views are left, but the centre-right analysis that it's a National Sickness Service is correct, where is the investment in public health to reduce demand? Most Brits barely get out for a walk once a week, our environment doesn't prioritise health (driving everywhere, fast food outlets..) and the complaints when the state actually tries to do anything about it are endless.
> UK has massively high house prices - at least in "desirable" areas, and some not so desirable ones where it's possible to commute to work in a desirable area.
Other than very undesirable areas, the house prices are pretty bad. I have friends living nowhere near London in remote Scotland noticing the house price increase. I've seen a local property double in price after ~11 years.
> That doesn't necessarily reflect a shortage, it also reflects availability of money [..]
It's not clear who has an availability of money. I'm aware of zero people within recent years buying a home without a mortgage. Availability of money has never been worse.
> It took a while to filter through, sure, but in the end, it has - to the point where most families are now obligated to have two full-time earners.
I don't think we're seeing 4x the living standard of 1970. It also doesn't explain that we see house prices increase by more than 4x relative to wages [1].
> Housing is a positional good (think about an auction where demand of the most desirable items will always exceed supply), the prices bear almost no relation to rational economic utility and every relation to how much cost people are able to bear. Which is one reason they're so responsive to interest rates i.e. debt affordability.
It's didn't used to be like that. A house would feasibly cost between 4-10 years of one man's wage. But this would defend what I said, that demand outstrips supply. There is a saying at auctions: "it's only worth what somebody else is willing to pay for it."
> we're using migrants to prop it up and provide much of the labour needed by the NHS, childcare and elderly care.
It's not working, the NHS is failing. Where I live I cannot get an appointment any more. If I am lucky the doctor calls me and essentially prescribes anything I ask for. I recently saw a similar situation with midwifery.
I generally don't find myself convinced that migration is a net good. They typically have dependants and create massive burdens on our infrastructure and systems. We are now at the state where children are deferred from starting school because there just are no palce
> Our government is massively anti-immigration, and yet immigration remains high, the country can't and won't go cold-turkey on that: [..]
I suspect not. If I am right in saying that immigration increases demand for housing and therefore the price, it would make sense that the Conservative party would keep this in place as their largest donors are property developers [2].
> The current system where they can't build apartment blocks on train-station car parks because a bunch of pensioners complain that it spoils their view is massively counterproductive.
I don't think that is fair, the answer isn't to build on every square metre of the UK until it's gone. Besides, if they get rid of the train station car park, where will all the commuters park? (I've seen this one play out, they park everywhere else.)
> It's not clear who has an availability of money. I'm aware of zero people within recent years buying a home without a mortgage. Availability of money has never been worse.
"Availability of money" includes the ability to apply for, and service the debt on, a mortgage.
> I don't think we're seeing 4x the living standard of 1970. It also doesn't explain that we see house prices increase by more than 4x relative to wages [1].
I don't remember 1970, but there's no particular reason we should expect to have 4x living standard.. competition for housing can eat up a much bigger slice of the overall pie, as long as people are willing to compete.
> But this would defend what I said, that demand outstrips supply. There is a saying at auctions: "it's only worth what somebody else is willing to pay for it."
100% - but if nobody CAN pay (the asking price), nobody will be willing to pay it. And that's where positional goods matter, because effectively people are jostling for a place in a ranked queue. The prices are a function of "how much money are the people in the queue able and willing to raise and deploy". And so it's natural to have situations where incomes might only go up by 50%, but house prices can rise MUCH more if interest rates are low and the bulk of that extra income is discretionary.
> It's not working, the NHS is failing. Where I live I cannot get an appointment any more. If I am lucky the doctor calls me and essentially prescribes anything I ask for. I recently saw a similar situation with midwifery.
Bad here too, but most of the staff are immigrants or of immigrant background so I find it hard to blame that on migration, it'd be a lot worse if they turned the taps off. It's more to do with our population (native Brits and 1960s/70s immigrants) being elderly, unhealthy and generally decrepit, and a health service that tries to do too much. It excels at keeping people alive, but it sucks at keeping them healthy.
> We are now at the state where children are deferred from starting school because there just are no place
Not the case here, in a high-immigration area: they're actually closing primary schools because there aren't enough kids to fill them.
> I don't think that is fair, the answer isn't to build on every square metre of the UK until it's gone. Besides, if they get rid of the train station car park, where will all the commuters park? (I've seen this one play out, they park everywhere else.)
They should walk or take the bus. I'm talking about stations that are at most a mile or so spread out and usually served by half a dozen bus routes, suburban zone 3 & 4 London. Wouldn't work further out where distances are longer.
> 100% - but if nobody CAN pay (the asking price), nobody will be willing to pay it. And that's where positional goods matter, because effectively people are jostling for a place in a ranked queue. The prices are a function of "how much money are the people in the queue able and willing to raise and deploy". And so it's natural to have situations where incomes might only go up by 50%, but house prices can rise MUCH more if interest rates are low and the bulk of that extra income is discretionary.
If this is the case, then the best way to lower house prices would be to get rid of mortgages entirely? I don't think this would work of course. We would simply see more foreign investors who have access to mortgages.
> Bad here too, but most of the staff are immigrants or of immigrant background so I find it hard to blame that on migration, it'd be a lot worse if they turned the taps off. It's more to do with our population (native Brits and 1960s/70s immigrants) being elderly, unhealthy and generally decrepit, and a health service that tries to do too much. It excels at keeping people alive, but it sucks at keeping them healthy.
My point is that after lots of immigration, we still have a massive recruitment crisis in the NHS. It never really solved the problem, and worse still, there are now more people using these services.
> Not the case here, in a high-immigration area: they're actually closing primary schools because there aren't enough kids to fill them.
If immigrants are not having children in the UK, then that would lead towards another crisis of an ageing population. Again, I believe increased immigration is a temporary solution.
> They should walk or take the bus. I'm talking about stations that are at most a mile or so spread out and usually served by half a dozen bus routes, suburban zone 3 & 4 London. Wouldn't work further out where distances are longer.
Not everywhere is London. Where I live, there are no buses to the train station. People commute by car up to 30 minutes to catch the train.
Getting rid of mortgages rather illustrates my point. You'd lower prices but also destroy people's ability to afford/buy... anything.
Prices are a function of people's ability to access money, not their direct income.
And to your last point.. they need to build housing in places where there's the infrastructure to support it, or build the infrastructure. Building to suburban-like density in areas with a rural-like level of services (not just transport but shops, schools, leisure) is a recipe for misery.
The big new housing developments they're putting in outside midsize town ring roads are a case in point. Too far to walk to the centre (and indirect routes, because of the ring road), but the centre itself doesn't have room for them to park cheaply. No bus so no independence for teens. Nothing at all to do on the development itself. And that's before we get to the quality and design of the actual builds.
It's American style living done on the cheap. At least in the States they build large so there's room to do more at home, and the whole place is low density - their solution to the challenge of town centres is not to have town centres.
Data-level parallel processing (or SIMD vector width) is a different thing to address space width. If you want to see some _really_ wide units, look at GPUs.
For UUIDs, 16-byte short strings and IPv6, there's no real reason the SIMD units couldn't do the work there. (Granted the existing vector units may be a bit short on features for working "across" lanes - I'm not sure how capable they are at dealing with null-terminated C strings for example).
In principle at least (and allowing for some snags around memory alignment), C++ std::strings with the short string optimisation (which stores the string's data on the local stack, if it's less than a certain number of bytes) can already be loaded into vector registers and indeed never materialised as memory at all. How much this happens in pratise I wouldn't like to say, but it's not that hard to roll your own stringid_16 or whatever with conversion operators.
If you did partition all core resources between SMT threads, it seems like the end result would be exactly what was called "rentable units" above, i.e. you could convert a high-performance core into two lower-performance cores. Then again, it cannot be easy to ensure that there are no remaining side channels whatsoever.
And coal/oil marked (mostly) the end of slavery and other forms of indentured labour.
But Jevons' paradox means that the efficiency of oil leads to its consumption at huge levels. You want the strength of 150 horses just to go to the shop and back? No problem, Average Guy, just pop the key in and off you go.
Now imagine how rich you'd have to be in 1800 to have one hundred and fifty horses at your disposal. The expense and labour involved in keeping them fed and watered, and the labourers themselves fed and watered.
And that's just a small truck. For a passenger airliner, you're looking at eight hundred horses per passenger that's typical of a long-haul jet aircraft.
What do you prefer? Short lives, famines, etc.? That was ended by the industrial revolution.
I suggest touring Washington's Mt Vernon estate. He was probably the richest man in America at the time. I wouldn't trade my current standard of living for his.
I'd prefer a culture with a little self-discipline and self-control. Not using 150 horses where five, or none, will do.
Let's use the oil, sure, but treat it like we need it to last 200 years, not 20.
If you take an audit view, you can see that some of what we burn - perhaps a third - is essential to modern quality of life. Making sure people have access to enough nutritious food, and access to semiconductors, satellites and antibiotics. Very hard to replace this stuff, and we're screwed if and when it runs out.
Another third or so is used valuably but inefficiently. Transport and food choices where you'd need to get the job done, but could get it done on a lot less. Heating/cooling large and poorly insulated buildings. People with desk jobs driving trucks for a commute which a hatchback or light motorcycle could do. Beef, so much beef. Can't substitute any of these to zero, but some pretty significant reductions are possible with little more than self-discipline.
And then there's a third that's just sheer waste. The majority of long-haul flights taken add a negligible amount to quality of life or human experience relative to what they burn. Basically everything the super-rich does, their lives are no happier, wiser, longer or better than the just plain rich (or even the upper reaches of the middle-class, in well-off social democratic countries), but their consumption footprints are proportionally huge.
See edit, it's indeed a factor of both fatty acid makeup and smoke point. Seed oils tend to have more PUFAs which oxidize easily. Olive oil, on the contrary, is not only mostly monounsaturated but also contains anti oxidant compounds that are protective (I think oleic acid, and others)
Yep, and even most of the gambling here is relatively harmless:
- Small stakes sports betting.
- Lottery.
- Scratchards.
(As with drugs - most of the consumption is people smoking small/medium amounts of weed, or perhaps taking stronger stuff maybe once a month.)
There are some people that are hooked, and I've no doubt it causes a lot of misery in certain communities. I doubt there'd be so many betting shops without the addicts. Had friends who worked in those shops as students and they saw some pretty sad stuff. We'd be better off as a society without the betting shops, but now it'd probably all just go online and perhaps become something even more pernicious.
ARM has, optionally,the very capable SVE instruction set, but no consumer chips currently implement it.
The M1 and later big cores can dispatch four NEON FMA instructions per clock, so 512 bits worth of vector math, which compares OK with most Intel or AMD chips (Zen 4 can do two 256-bit MUL and two ADD, and Intel "client" bigcores since Sunny Cove typically do three 256-bit FMA).
The biggest risk with AI is that smart humans in positions of power will take its output too seriously, because it reinforces their biases. Which it will because RLHF specifically trains models to do just that, adapting their output to what they can infer about the user from the input.
Somebody has to do this work: it's essential, as well as hard, unglamorous and badly paid, and societies must take their pick from:
- Family members, almost always women, who have to give up paid work.
- Paid labour from less educated parts of their existing/indigenous population.
- Migrant labour, whether temporary or permanent.
The great mistake of Brexit is that the UK has now replaced temporary migrant labour (Poles and so on, who'd mostly come here in their early/mid 20s, stay for ten/fifteen years and then go home to raise families and be closer to their elders) with permanent migrants from much poorer countries who won't want to go back if they can at all avoid it.
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