I'm not speaking anatomically. In an interview situation, regardless of which side of the table you're sitting on, what can you ask to determine what type of person you're dealing with (on a personal level)?
The same could apply to a dating situation where you have the difficult task of summing someone up in a short period of time. But I'm primarily concerned with a professional context.
Is there a single question you can ask, the answer to which would reveal what type of person you are dealing with and whether you are likely to get along well with that person?
No. And there shouldn't be.
Instead of spending time and energy trying to determine the perfect quesiton, why don't you just spend that same time and energy actually talking to people.
Talk about anything. Listen as much as you talk. "Engage" them. After 5 minutes of sincere (this is key!) interaction and a half dozen subjects, you'll probably have a pretty good idea of where their heart is.
A low tech solution that has been working very well forever. All it takes is a little practice.
OTOH, if you don't do this and probe with a single question, you'll look phony and won't learn anything.