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Ford hired George Washington Carver. They heated soybeans to develop a bioplastic.

Soybean car > History, Internet video (of Rollins with a fireman's , Car ingredients: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean_car#Car_ingredients :

> The exact ingredients of the plastic are not known since there were no records kept of the plastic itself. Speculation is that it was a combination of soybeans, wheat, hemp, flax and ramie. Lowell Overly, the person who had the most influence in creating the car, says it was "...soybean fiber in a phenolic resin with formaldehyde used in the impregnation." [16]

What are the binders for aerospace -grade hemp plastic these days? I don't think that formaldehyde is required anymore.

Hempitecture has salt-treated fire retardant hemp batting home insulation product which competes with fiberglass and cellulose batting and fill, and cork.

FWIU treated polyurethane foam (like old seat cushions) absorbs oil (OleoSponge),

Kestrel has a modern vehicle made of hemp plastic.

Name of the 75% hemp aircraft made by Hempearth scientist from Canada doing engineering in the US:

Radar (ROC curve in ML, too) and these days Infrared signatures for hemp vehicles and crafts:

Hemp plastic would have been an advantage in WWII if:

These days many major auto manufacturers use hemp parts in production automobiles for its durability, cost, and sustainability in terms of carbon cost for example.

Hemp bast fiber competes with graphene in ultracapacitor anode applications, and IDK why not normal capacitors and batteries too. Hemp anodes are possibly more sustainable than graphene anodes (in supercapacitors and solid state batteries) due to the environmental and health hazards of graphene production and the relative costs of production.

YouTube has videos of hemp batteries; batteries made of hemp. https://www.youtube.com/results?sp=mAEA&search_query=hemp+ba...

Dimensional Hemp Wood lumber is real, and it is a formaldehye-free sustainable binder FWIU.

So - and this is what Kestrel and Hempearth are going for - it's probably possible to make closer to 100% of a vehicle or an aircraft with biocomposites inspecific or even hemp-only.


> FWIU treated polyurethane foam (like old seat cushions) absorbs oil (OleoSponge),

And Hemp Aerogels are even more oil absorbent than polyurethane foam.

"Hemp plastic door panel sledgehammer test"; History Channel: https://youtube.com/watch?v=Hx8OTH0eEM0&


Re: dandelion (taraxagum) rubber instead of synthetic rubber (plastic) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40892109


There are 48+2 port switches with OpenWRT support.

Re: initial specs for the (4 port) OpenWRT One, which is built on Banana Pi's, which supports U-boot: https://www.cnx-software.com/2024/01/12/openwrt-one-ap-24-xy... .. https://openwrt.org/toh/openwrt/one:

> The non-open-source components include the 2.5GbE PHY and WiFi firmware with blobs running on separate cores that are independent of the main SoC where OpenWrt is running. The DRAM calibration routines are closed-source binaries as well.

Software for FPGA switch, probe, and GHz oscilloscope projects?

/? inurl:awesome vivado https://www.google.com/search?q=inurl%3Aawesome+vivado :

awesome-hdl: https://github.com/drom/awesome-hdl :

sphinx-hwt:

d3-wave probably won't do GHz in realtime. https://github.com/Nic30/d3-wave

Pyqtgraph probably can't realtime plot GHz probe data without resampling either?

pyqtgraph: https://github.com/pyqtgraph/pyqtgraph

The hwtLib README says Vivado supports IP-XACT format.

hwtLib: https://github.com/Nic30/hwtLib :

> hwtLib is the library of hardware components writen using hwt library. Any component can be exported as Xilinx Vivado (IP-exact) or Quartus IPcore using IpPackager or as raw Verilog / VHDL / SystemC code and constraints by to_rtl() function. Target language is specified by keyword parameter serializer.

IP-XACT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-XACT

hwtlib docs > hwtLib.peripheral.ethernet package: https://hwtlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/hwtLib.peripheral.et...

hwtLib.peripheral.uart package: https://hwtlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/hwtLib.peripheral.ua...

It looks like there are CRC implementations in hwtlib. Which CRC or hash does U-boot use for firmware flashing? https://www.google.com/search?q=Which+CRC+or+hash+does+U-boo... ... Looks like CRC32 like .zip files but not .tar.gz files.

U-boot: https://github.com/u-boot/u-boot

OpenWRT docs > "Failsafe mode, factory reset, and recovery mode": https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/troubleshooting/failsafe...

Open vSwitch: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vSwitch :

> Open vSwitch can operate both as a software-based network switch running within a virtual machine (VM) hypervisor, and as the control stack for dedicated switching hardware; as a result, it has been ported to multiple virtualization platforms, switching chipsets, and networking hardware accelerators.[7]

"Porting Open vSwitch to New Software or Hardware": https://docs.openvswitch.org/en/latest/topics/porting/

awesome-open-source-hardware: https://github.com/aolofsson/awesome-opensource-hardware

awesome-open-hardware: https://github.com/delftopenhardware/awesome-open-hardware :

> Journal of Open Hardware (JOH), HardwareX Journal,


There are also xilinx (now AMD) FPGA modules in hwtlib:

hwtLib.xilinx package: https://hwtlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/hwtLib.xilinx.html#


strace is one way to determine how many stat calls a process makes.

Developers avoid refactoring costs by using dependency inversion, fixtures and functional test assertions without OO in the tests, too.

Pytest collection could be made faster with ripgrep and does it even need AST? A thread here mentions how it's possible to prepare a list of .py test files containing functions that start with "test_" to pass to the `pytest -k` option; for example with ripgrep.

One day I did too much work refactoring tests to minimize maintenance burden and wrote myself a functional test runner that captures AssertionErrors and outputs with stdlib only.

It's possible to use unittest.TestCase() assertion methods functionally:

  assert 0 == 1
  # AssertionError

  import unittest
  test = unittest.TestCase()

  test.assertEqual(0, 1)
  # AssertionError: 0 != 1
unittest.TestCase assertion methods have default error messages, but the `assert` keyword does not.

In order to support one file stdlib-only modules, I have mocked pytest.mark.parametrize a number of times.

chmp/ipytest is one way to transform `assert a == b` to `assertEqual(a,b)` like Pytest in Jupyter notebooks.

Python continues to top language use and popularity benchmarks.

Python is not a formally specified language, mostly does not have constant time operations (or documented complexity in docstring attrs), has a stackless variant, supported asynchronous coroutines natively before C++, now has some tail-call optimization in 3.14, now has nogil mode, and is GPU accelerated in many different ways.

How best could they scan for API tokens committed to public repos?


No, we have environmentally and financially unsustainable supply chain dependencies on silicon-grade sand and other gases and minerals.

PCBs are not biodegradable but could be. What is the problem?


You haven't pointed out anything specific to FR4, which is what this would be replacing. This is merely a ploy at getting funding, and I'm very skeptical about it because I've seen 2 or 3 companies do the exact same pitch and fail before.


> The goal: to design and test bio-based multilayer PCBs that reduce environmental impact, without compromising on functionality or performance.

What about cost?

And so instead,

What is a sustainable flame retardant for Graphene Oxide PCBs; and is that a filler?


"Study of properties of graphene oxide nanoparticles obtained by laser ablation from banana, mango, and tangerine peels" (2025) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266697812...


Graphene is free when you flash heat unsorted recycled plastic and sell or use the Hydrogen.

Graphene can be produced from CO2.

CO2 is overly-abundant and present in emissions that need to be filtered anyway.

What types of graphene and other forms of carbon do not conduct electricity, are biodegradable , and would be usable as a graphene PCB for semiconductors and superconductors?

Graphene Oxide (low cost of production), Graphane (hydrogen; high cost of production), Diamond (lowering cost of production, also useful for NV QC nitrogen-vacancy quantum computing; probably in part due to the resistivity of the molecular lattice),

How could graphene oxide PCBs be made fire-proof?

Non-Conductive Flame Retardants: phosphorous, nitrogen (melamine,), intumescent systems, inorganic fillers

Is there a bio-based flame-retardant organic filler for [Graphene Oxide] PCBs?


Which other simulators show electron charge density and heat dissipation?

Can this simulate this?:

"Synaptic and neural behaviours in a standard silicon transistor" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08742-4 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43506198

What about (graphene) superconductors though?


On my info page (https://brandonli.net/semisim/info) there's a list of things my simulation can and can't do. After taking a look at the paper you mentioned, I think simulating it may very well be possible, however it might take a bit of effort. As for graphene, its band structure is different enough that I don't think it would work.

Note that my simulation is intended for educational purposes only, not scientific research.

- Brandon


Thanks, quite the useful simulator; I hadn't found that page yet. Additional considerations for circuit simulators:

What does the simulator say about signal delay and/or propagation in electronic circuits and their fields? How long does it take for a lightbulb to turn on after a switch is thrown, given the length of the circuit and the real distance between points in it?

(I learned this gap in our understanding of electron behavior from this experiment, which had never been done FWIU: "How Electricity Actually Works" (2022) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI_X2cMHNe0 )

FWIW, additionally:

Hall Effect and Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect;

"Tunable superconductivity and Hall effect in a transition metal dichalcogenide" (2025) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43347319

ScholarlyArticle: "Moiré-driven topological electronic crystals in twisted graphene" (2025) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08239-6

NewsArticle: "Anomalous Hall crystal made from twisted graphene" (2025) https://physicsworld.com/a/anomalous-hall-crystal-made-from-...

From "Single-chip photonic deep neural network with forward-only training" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42314581 :

"Fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect in multilayer graphene" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-07010-7

"Coherent interaction of a-few-electron quantum dot with a terahertz optical resonator" (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.10522 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39365579

> "Room-temperature quantum coherence of entangled multiexcitons in a metal-organic framework" (2024) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adi3147

Electrons (and photons and phonons and other fields of particles) are more complex than that though.


I recreated Veritasium's setup in my simulator and measured the current through the load resistor, the results of which are here: https://imgur.com/a/sxVihf0

The gap between the wires is about 1 micrometer, so light should take about 3 fs to propagate through. The simulation output approximately matches this prediction, and over the first few tens of femtoseconds the current increases, with a jump at around 70 fs due to the reflected wave. All of this is pretty much in line with the results of Veritasium's experiment.

Thanks for bringing it up. I might include this as another example in my sim.


Nice.

These are cool _ wave propagation vids too; Nils Berglund wave visualizations: https://youtu.be/v0cZjOIfwos?si=07w2Wd4dPlGmNxHp

_: photon, fluid, standing transverse,, plasma

What about longitudinal waves in plasma, superconductors, and superfluids though? https://www.google.com/search?q=What+about+longitudinal+wave...

I suppose vorticity doesn't matter that much for classical electronic circuits


Does this make it appear that the LLM's responses converge on one answer when actually it's just caching?


"Uptime Percentage", "Operational Availability" (OA), "Duty Cycle"

Availability (reliability engineering) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability

Terms from other types of work: kilowatt/hour (kWh), Weight per rep, number of reps, Total Time Under Tension


There are 0.05 Tesla MRI machines that almost work with a normal 15A 110V outlet now FWIU; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40965068 :

> "Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging at 0.05 Tesla" [1800W] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm7168 .. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40335170

Other emerging developments in __ spectroscopy:

/?hnlog Spectro:

NIRS;

> Are there implied molecular structures that can be inferred from low-cost {NIRS, Light field, [...]} sensor data?

NIRS would be low cost, but the wavelength compared to the sample size.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38528844 :

> "Reversible optical data storage below the diffraction limit (2023)" [at cryogenic temperatures] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38528844 :

> [...] have successfully demonstrated that a beam of light can not only be confined to a spot that is 50 times smaller than its own wavelength but also “in a first of its kind” the spot can be moved by minuscule amounts at the point where the light is confined.

"Eye-safe laser technology to diagnose traumatic brain injury in minutes" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38510092 :

> "Window into the mind: Advanced handheld spectroscopic eye-safe technology for point-of-care neurodiagnostic" (2023) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg5431

> multiplex resonance Raman spectroscopy

Holotomographic imaging is yet another imaging method that could be less costly than MRI; https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40819864

"Quantum microscopy study makes electrons visible in slow motion" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40981054 :

> "Terahertz spectroscopy of collective charge density wave dynamics at the atomic scale" (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02552-7


Does [self-hosted, multi-tenant] serverless achieve similar separation of concerns in comparison to microservices?

Should the URLs contain a version; like /api/v1/ ?

FWIU OpenAPI API schema enable e.g. MCP service discovery, but not multi-API workflows or orchestrations.

(Edit: "The Arazzo Specification - A Tapestry for Deterministic API Workflows" by OpenAPI; src: https://github.com/OAI/Arazzo-Specification .. spec: https://spec.openapis.org/arazzo/latest.html (TIL by using this comment as a prompt))


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