GSM phones are supposed to be able to pick up "NITZ" (network information and time zone") messages, but these aren't reliably sent by most networks. In practice, smartphones get it over NTP like everyone else and dumbphones have user-set time that may, if you're lucky, be synced by counting the base station's time slot intervals.
NITZ is terrible. You only get one-second accuracy, a GMT offset, and a DST flag, and they can all be wrong at the whim of someone at the phone company.