But then you can attach to the parent and cause it to stop debugging the child so you can. I think you want a process to be its own debugger; idk if ptrace(2) allows that. Then there's things like DTrace and eBPF -- I don't think you can prevent them from the target.
this is how ptrace works in essence, so if you look in the man pages for that ptrace there's an example. you just ptrace_attach from the parent to the child pid. it couldn't be more straighforward usage of ptrace. https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ptrace.2.html
long ptrace(enum __ptrace_request op, pid_t pid,
void addr, void data);