Cecil’s answer isn’t quite right. “ectomy” is indeed “cut it out” but the first definition he gives for “ostomy” (“cut a hole in something”) is the proper definition for “otomy”. The second “ostomy” definition is correct: creating a stoma (mouth). It’s all Greek, for real.
Actually -otomy isn't even -otomy... it's -tomy. For example Craniotomy. Cranio-tomy.
cranio = κρανίο (skull)
tomy = τομή (cut)
And -tomy is just a cut, not cut a hole. To cut a hole you'd have to remove a part. Most of the cuts are straight lines and then the skin just opens up like a hole because of stretching.
Then, -ostomy is -stomy. Nephrostomy. Nephro-stomy.
Nephro = Νεφρό (Kidney)
Stomy = Στόμιο (something that has the shape of a mouth)
Finding equivalent idioms in different languages is one of the most fun things to do with LLMs.
One of the tricky parts, if you plan to actually use the idioms, is that they very greatly between different regions that use the same language. Particularly tricky with Spanish, considering so many countries on so many different continents use it. I haven't found LLMs to be good at knowing what regions use any given expression.
But we use a country name in the sentence: "That seems Spanish to me" (Das kommt mir spanisch vor) although that would 'translate' to "That seems fishy to me"
Greek physician from a family of Greek physicians confirms this. :)
Let me just add, that in the Western Medicine many words from anatomy come from Latin and many words from physiology/pathology come from Greek. Of course the Greeks themselves have their own words for anatomy as well.
I didn’t realise so many of these medical terms were Greek rather than Latin. Interesting!
Are these terms still used as-is in modern Greek? Much like how translating names of French dishes removes some of the air of sophistication, I feel like being told one is to receive a ‘skull cut’ sounds somewhat more scary than the (to an English speaker) academic-sounding ‘craniotomy’.
Amusingly, the word anatomy (“dissection”) is from Greek via Latin, from the very same root that we’re discussing here.
Other English terms from the Greek root for “cut”: tomography (imaging through a lot of cross-sections); entomology (study of in-sects, critters with sect-ions in their bodies); dichotomy (division into two possibilities); atom (that which cannot be divided).
“Up” or “thoroughly”, apparently? Same prefix as in analysis, anaphora, anamorphism. Ancient Greek had a sprawling system of prefixes that one can’t really pick up by osmosis, it seems.
(Complaints about noun morphology sound a bit hypocritical from a native speaker of Russian, I know, but it is what it is.)
-itis means the part of the body is swollen, while -osis means the part of the body is damaged.
I found this out back in 2012, when I had a very nasty case of tendonitis in one of my feet, and I found out that the vast majority of cases of tendonitis should be called tendinosis instead, as it's pretty rare for the tendons themselves to swell; rather, the tendons themselves deteriorate from overuse.
-opathy would generally be suitable. It implied a pathological condition involving some form of tissue damage or dysfunction.
Minor clarification, swelling does not necessarily always mean inflammation. -itis refers to inflammation of an organ or area of the both. Swelling, particularly when from fluid retention, is referred to as -edema. There is overlap though. :)
I think it's actually about taking "medicine" that causes the same (the homeo part) dysfunction (the pathy part) as you're experiencing in the hopes of curing it.
In french we occasionally portmanteau -itis (often qualified with "acute" or "mild"), for a comedic yet genuinely emphatic effect. e.g: acute dumbitis/boreditis/tireditis
In pop culture, there's a very common mixup between tracheotomy (the actual incision or cut made into the trachea) and tracheostomy (the overall procedure involving the creation of the hole, aka stoma).
To make even more confusing, laryngology is the surgical specialty you would go see for a tracheal issue in the neck. (where a trach is performed) And a head and neck surgeon (oncologic surgery) is the one that performs the most laryngectomies. Fricken otolaryngologists…isnt the one name complicated enough.
Laryngologists are head and neck surgeons, in the US and most commonwealth at least where the general training is “otolaryngology-head and neck surgery”.
There is further subspecialization in head and neck for oncologic, reconstructive, and (micro)vascular procedures usually just called “head and neck”, true, which is confusing.
It's fascinating how surgical terminology, much like programming languages, uses precise syntax to convey complex operations in a compact form.
Just as in coding, where function names like append(), open(), or close() might describe operations on data, surgical terms like -ectomy, -ostomy, and -otomy encapsulate detailed medical procedures on the human body.
This linguistic efficiency not only facilitates clear communication among professionals but also mirrors the procedural thinking found in technical fields.
There's some value in observing that there is a regularity to the terms used for a particular discipline, as opposed to a jumble of organically-grown jargon. For one, it tells you that learning a seemingly-unconnected vocabulary (Greek suffixes, in this case) can help you understand terms you've never otherwise encountered in their entirety.
Your comment reminds me of my rhetoric professor, who was Greek, and who once expressed to us that memorizing the terms in our lesson should be easy, since they were literally just the words themselves.
Memorizing a large amount of Greek and Latin word roots was my superpower when I was studying for the SATs. I could decipher a large chunk of words even if I've never seen them before.
When I was in grade six, my teacher made us all learn about half a dozen greek or Latin roots each week. Incredibly useful, I still remember heaps of them decades later.
I read the entire Webster's unabridged dictionary one summer, with special attention to what the root words meant in the original ancient languages. I've only seen the word 'oedemic' one time but it was easy to figure out.
When I was a newborn I had a "pyloromyotomy", wherein they cut the pyloric muscle. As I understand it, an -otomy is cutting something, a -myotomy is specifically cutting a muscle.
Hm, no -- I am in my early 40s and have never had any issues. Other than the scar on my stomach there has been no lasting effect that I've ever noticed.
X-otomy means to cut X. Tomos = cut. Craniotomy means to cut open the skull. It's implied that the cut piece will be put back in place afterwards.
X-ectomy means to cut X out. Ecto = out, tomos = cut. Appendectomy = cut out appendix. It's surgically removed from the patient, permanently.
X-ostomy means to cut open a hole in X. Stoma = hole/mouth, tomos = cut. Colostomy = cut open a hole in the colon. There's an implication that the hole will be there in the long term.
Bonus: XY anastomosis. Open X into Y, connecting them together. Ana = on/upon, stoma = hole/mouth. Ileoanal anastomosis means opening the ileum into the anus, bypassing the colon and rectum. X and Y are implied to have a lumen and the contents of X are implied to flow into Y. Lumen = light, it means a cavity, the interior space of a body structure, such as a blood vessel.
> ... “colostomy,” in which an opening is cut into the colon to create an artificial anus. (Seems like a waste, considering how many real ones there are already.)
Back in the day, the legal system in the UK deliberately divested itself of some Latin terminology in favour of more modern terms. I think the idea was to open up law a bit to the common man. A lot of legal terms are still thinly veiled Latin, with a soupcon (yes the cedilla is missing - this is English) of Anglo-Saxon and obviously: Old Greek, mashed in. It will make for better telly anyway ...
You might think that medicine should follow suit and it has in its own inimitable way. I have spoken to doctors that are capable of dealing with arses as well as rectums.
All walks of life involve jargon. Law and medicine are famous for being a bit abstruse but that is unfair ... maths, physics and co look shifty and keep quiet. No need to draw attention to themselves.
Engineering is of course a paragon of parsimonious discourse amongst practitioners. Well, engineers are not known for their florid prose but, given the complexity of engineering and the breadth of the term itself, language is going to need to get complicated. Within Civil Eng alone I recall fourth or fifth order differential equations and that's "just" maths.
So, we have three old Greek derived postfixes that are used within medicine. I think they mostly involve cutting, investigation and removal in various combinations, to whatever is the stem word. I'm not a doctor.
Another driver for medicine is the need (sometimes) to avoid miscommunication in noisy and fast-paced scenarios (think emergency response, operating rooms when things aren't going well). So along with avoiding colloquial language, there is sometimes particular pronunciation taught.
To add to other comments, a positive thing with Latin and Greek jargon is that it's not intentionally obtuse, but a combination of stem words aiming to make up literal terms. Anesthesia for example means literally "not feeling". If there wasn't an influence of the classics to the natural sciences it could be notfeeling or notfeel in English.
I find that doctors in the UK are very well trained to communicate using common English with patients. They will generally never use medical jargon without being prompted, defaulting to the simplest English first[0], and if they do use medical terms then they generally introduce them. It must be a particular focus of UK medical education.
[0] every GP says “tummy” instead of stomach or abdomen, something I find a bit infantile, but it does get the job done.
The text of Straight Dope answers appeared in print and on Usenet and is copyright to the date of writing | first publication.
The existing text archives would have been ported forward with their original copyright dates some time post 1989 (when Tim Berners-Lee created his WWW specification) likely at least three or four years on as the practice had to spread outside of CERN, outside of the physics community, and early Mosaic browsers to become popular.
I am hijacking this thread to express my general displeasure at popular use of the word claustrophobic. "The room is very claustrophobic"?? Really? How else does the wainscoting feel today?
As a Greek, I feel the need to protest the corruption of the word cleistophobia (kleisto = closed) into claustrophobia.
Claus- sounds like the root of "to cry" (e.g. clausigelos = crying laughter), so a Greek reading claustrophobia thinks of people who are afraid of crying (though the proper rendering of a word composite with that meaning would be klauthmophobia).
Claustro- comes from Latin Claustrum, which shares the same root as the Greek word. Claustrophobia wasn’t a word in Latin or Greek though, it’s a modern hybrid.
This might be a lost cause, as there really isn't a great word to use instead, and that usage is in modern dictionaries. Some alternative words are proposed here, but none of them really seem adequate: https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/281780/what-is-t...
