A more likely theory is that the fob transmitter (and antenna) is tuned to put out max signal when near the body. This is it's normal use.
If however you tested it with the fob somewhat isolated it would then be out of tune.
eg in the factory it would be tuned at a set distance from a "dummy body".
It's the same with a walkie-talkie radio. The antenna must be tuned when held in the hand, as your body provides the missing earth or ground-plane.
You can easily demonstrate this. Mount an antenna on a ground-plane with a length of coax, a SWR meter and a transmitter. Tune the antenna so the SWR is 1:1 and then move you hand close to the antenna. Once your hand gets withing a wavelength or so, the effect of the "detuning" can be readily seen on the SWR meter.
This reminds me of a class in college where one project was to make a waveguide WiFi antenna. You know the ones; often built out of a Pringles can.
On the day the project was due, we each demo'd our antennas and the instructor recorded their range, SNR, etc. Most in the class followed the Pringles can tutorials, but I was always kinda extra. So I used some kind of roof flashing coiled into a cylinder to get the length and radius tuned just right, and I fashioned a comfy handle to aim it using some scrap aluminum flat, and round wood stock.
Mine did really well, but it also had the widest variance in performance. We figured out that my wood handle could be held in a way in which you didn't actually touch any metal, but if you put your thumb up on the aluminum part of the handle, it instantly got way better SNR!
The instructor told us that touching the housing improved the quality of the ground because the capacitance of our meat acts like a short at those high frequencies.
Not really - antenna is tuned to the maximum allowed emission power per local regulations (e.g. big differences between EU, US and JPN regulations).
Certification tests do not include any human handling, since it's really unpredictable and varies.
Therefore, tests are just the fob with a (per specifications) positioned Rx antenna (highly controlled environment).
BTW similar effect is observed with the fob being next to the bottle of water.
There are peer reviewed studies on these topics, that my RF engineer shared with me when I asked him way back about it, but are heavy on the RF/antenna theory, beyond my understanding.
I read it in the sense that they would retune or reengineer it if it was discovered that holding it in a hand resulted in poorer performance - ie. they need to factor in the environment it operates in (a hand beside a body) after they design it on paper.
There are 2 limiting factors taken into account during design - regulations and peak current that the battery can supply.
The battery thing (usually a coin cell CR2032 that can supply ~13mA per spec) can be a bit mitigated with a beefy capacitor (though RF packet length and space in-between have to be appropriate for the capacitor recovery, not to brown out the system).
Usually the bigger bottleneck is the regulation, so you tune for best performance in a clean environment. Hand and body during operation are really unpredictable to model in/retune, but luckily usually adds for the better.
Anyways the range of the classical RF fobs (@3xx-4xx MHz and 8xx-9xx MHZ bands) is well beyond the real world needs that the 10-20% drop of performance due to certain fob positions will make a difference. If it does, you probably have a low battery.
Next gen fobs (if they hit the mass market) are BLE and there the range performance is more critical. Dunno what will be the approach there.
What can cause problems are ornament and the mechanical key insert. It has to be extensively tested that there is no coupling with those metal parts that are close to the antenna. Problem comes sometimes when they decide to redesign a bit the keyfob without going through the tests internally (e.g. oh it's just a minor tweak of the radius of the metal ring around the fob housing...) and then the certification fails and has to be repeated (not just money, but getting the slot for it...).
Some OEM might even be inclined to think they don't need a certification for such a minor change and push it to the market, making the problem worse if there is an issue.
Regarding the ornament things on fobs, there were even instances of them magnetically coupling with the wireless chargers or even immobilizers and that lead to some melting...
Any Antenna designer wants to see the antenna being an elevated ground-plane or dipole mounted clear of obstructions well above the phone.
However he is stuck with a compromise design and knows that there are various effects that a nearby conductive body can have on the antenna's performance.
- Anything nearby will effect the tuning of the antenna. And if the antenna is no longer at resonance, then it's efficiency is greatly reduced.
- Anything nearby will disturb the antenna due to its missing ground plane, which will change both the tuning and the loading (eg impedance).
- And anything nearby will act as Directive or Reflective elements thus greatly effecting the radiation pattern (eg directivity).
In the early days, it was common for phones to have an external whip antenna, and also a socket so an outdoor antenna could be plugged in if required.
But forcing the designed to include the antenna within the body of the phone, (and without an effective ground plane) results in a mess of compromises.
Unfortunately the general public thinks that phone works by "magic", and is somehow exempt from the fundamental need for a radio to have an efficient external antenna.
> antenna is tuned to the maximum allowed emission power per local regulations
Actually it's not. The antenna is tuned to give a peak in output. It's either correctly tuned, or it's off tune.
It's the design of the whole transmitter/battery/antenna which chosen to give a compromise between battery life and max allowed output.
Few transmitters will come close to the max legal power, and if they did, de-tuning the antenna would result in a very inefficient compromise.
If you include a (dummy) human in the test environment you will (with luck) be close to optimum. By not including a human, you can be sure that the results will be worse in actual use.
Not sure what products your experience comes from, but I am talking explicitly about keyfobs. This is generally produced by Tier 1 suppliers, not the OEMs themselves, and not too many players in the field. With the MCU suppliers it shrinks even more (talking about handsfree models, most common in the market, utilizing LF for localization and standard RF bands for Tx).
MCUs are highly specialized (also not publicly available), and you can play with the tuning registers up to several digits without much performance loss. 3xx/4xx MHz ones you can easily go over the regulation limits (IIRC in JPN occupancy is taken together with the power into the calculations, it's a very crowded spectrum...).
If a spread spectrum is used at 8xx/9xx range, there there is no worry of hitting the limit, here usually battery life and max peak current are limiting, and fine tuning is often done for individual samples at EOL in the plant. It doesn't necessarily mean that all at 8xx/9xx are spread spectrum, but the "premium" (usually half-duplex) are. They provide a lot better performances at low SNR (and thus great range) compared to the standard FSK/Manchester 1 or 2 CH fobs.
I always did hold the fob close to my palm (with the keyring parts between my fingers) and pointing the fob "up", hopefully aligning a whip in there. It does work better this way, and I can also hold it high up. My theory was that my hand acts as a ground-plane.
So your direct point is manufacturers have tuned fobs for best connectivity when held /against the user’s forehead/? I must’ve never seen the user manuals…
Even simpler, tune in an FM radio and move your hand near the antenna. It will sound better or worse depending on your hand position and how close it is to the antenna.
Back in the early 00's when we still had analogue VHF TV signals, we wanted to watch the football world cup at school. Of course there was no cable or anything at the school and no VHF antenna and streaming was not a possibility yet so we had to be creative. We found an antenna cable and tried to manipulate the cable and use whatever as an antenna. We tried the sheet metal roofing, but that didn't work very well, we tried some metal rods and that didn't work great either. By chance we found out that if someone held the cable in one hand and leaned out of the window with their other hand stretched out we got a signal that was good enough to watch the game. Well, for everybody except the poor bastard that had to stand behind the TV halfway out the window.
Fond memories here of watching Babylon 5 on a Performa 5300 with an Apple TV Tuner Card. There was no antenna to the room with the computer, but I found that I was able to get an acceptable picture by holding the coax cable attached to the antenna input in the right way while keeping one hand attached to the central heating radiator...
You might be right about this, it makes sense. So standing on your tippytoes with the remote-arm stretched out to try and get better range is actually counter productive. Take 2 steps closer, and hold the remote close to your body.
OP means that while developing the radio and antenna part of the fob the engineers have adjusted the radio and antenna to work the best when in close proximity to a body. The human body has a certain effect on the radio signals, so adjusting the radio and antenna to work best while close to the human body will mean that it won't work as optimally when further away from a human body.
It doesn't detect the human body, it is just designed to work the best when it is physically close to the human body.
When I was a kid I had a tv where the quality of the picture noticeably improved when you touched the antenna... and I had recently heard that humans were mostly water... So I grabbed a glass of water and set it on top of the tv near the antenna and the picture cleared right up. Unfortunately this event made me the IT support guy for the family from then on...
The answer posted with all the experiments is conducted with a 2009 GTI, which reminds me of my first car, a Jetta from a generation before that. Its manual included this helpful illustration of the full expected range of the remote:
Yes, apparently they were only willing to promise it would work within about arm's length of the car! It wasn't that bad, but also it wasn't a heck of a lot better, either!
Short range isn't necessarily bad. Modern cars unlock automatically if you try to open the door while the keyfob is in range, so long range could mean someone could unlock your car while you're out of sight.
I don't know if that system uses the same range as when you press the button on the keyfob, but I have read about a hack (probably here) where thieves used a transmitter to extend the range of both the car and the keyfob to unlock the car while the owner is out of sight. That's easier to do the longer the range is.
I don't know the inner workings of the fob, but my car has a pretty long range when unlocking with the key fob click, but the automatic unlock without click(keyless entry) works only when I'm next to the handle. It doesn't work even if I'm at the back of the car and someone tries to unlock driver door.
> Modern cars unlock automatically if you try to open the door while the keyfob is in range
Oh, no. Yet another reason not to buy a new car. (Hope it can be disabled in the preferences somewhere.)
Technology trying to guess what I want is almost never a good thing. It'll get it right 80% of the time, but that last 20% is a killer, and means I'll have to monitor it carefully all the time.
My aunt had an older Prius, and sometimes when she locked it and walked away it would still see the fob and unlock itself. She had to carefully sneak away from the car to make sure it stayed locked.
I had a 2001 GTI and it similarly only reliably worked within probably 25' of the vehicle. In contrast, my 2017 F150 fob works as much as 150-200' from the vehicle. I tremendously appreciate this, especially with remote start to warm it in the winter.
If range is desirable, Tesla's, and I imagine other cars have this as well, have a cell modem and an app, so you can control it via the Internet, which is effectively infinite range. It's occasionally handy to be able to unlock the doors to let someone into the car from elsewhere in the world. Eg friend left their bag in the car but I'm not around to let them in.
My Ford has that. Just need to be sure to park in range of ATT 3g. (Well, I pulled the modem this weekend). They had replaced the 2g modem with a 3g modem in 2017... because networks turning off older signals was unfathomable.
Well, it's in a 3D perspective so we have the third option of saying that they're both to scale and that the perceived size difference is a forced-perspective illusion. In that case you could actually measure the distance depicted in the diagram, though I have my doubts about how accurate they bothered to make it!
When goofing off while tracing wires with a tone generator[0], we used to press the detector wand into our head, lick our finger tips, then run our fingers along the contacts on the 66 block[1] until we heard the warble from the tone generator.
0 - A troubleshooting and wire identification tool consisting of a battery-powered generator that produces a distinctive warbling sound and an inductive detector with a speaker that allows you to hear the warble when placed near the correct wire pair. Most look like this: https://www.grainger.com/product/EXTECH-Tone-and-Probe-Kit-4...
Those tone probes are so fun to play with! I highly recommend anyone with a spare $15 to grab a cheapo model and just... run around the home with it. It's an enlightening experience to actually perceive with your own ears the normally invisible world of EM radiation
Not sure I agree with the cavity theory. I suspect it’s you, you big ole bag of salt water, acting as a capacitive ground plane for the antenna. It’s like mounting a ham or CB antenna on a car and having the metal of the car not be in direct contact with the ground, but it acts as a capacitive ground plane. You can do something similar with a vertical antenna using ground radials in a star pattern on the ground.
Probably not. Position of the antenna relative to the ground plane alters the radiation pattern. That’s why you’ll see police cruisers mount their antennas dead center on the roof—it creates an omnidirectional pattern. Mounting it to one side or another causes the field to radiate more in the direction with more roof in front of it (kind of the opposite of intuition). So the remote in your hand still likely interacts with your body, but not in a controlled or desirable way.
The ground plane is typically orthogonal to the antenna. Both TX and Rx antennae will have their own 'effevtive' ground plane relative to each other at any give point in time that will effect their Tx/Rx capabilities. Add into that, parking lots are full of metal objects and typically nearby large buildings. Those, also, will change the propagation characteristics of the general environment.
There's a lot at play in open-air environments. This does seem quite easy for DIY experiments using RTL-SDRs in varying environments.
That's actually pretty good. Their data (https://youtu.be/AjYyjQKW-pU?t=198) is consistent with my experience: +/- 6 dB or more depending on who is holding the remote and how they hold it. Range checks are not very reproducible and if you start worrying about reproducibility your time is better spent setting up a basic outdoor 3m test if you don't have a chamber. Most of the "hold to your chin" effect is just "try holding it a different way".
I used to use this trick when I worked as a photographer of used cars. You'd get some 10-20 fobs and be expected to walk a lot of ~300+ cars and take images of them. Holding the fob up to your chin was the trick to finding the right vehicle... assuming the battery wasn't dead.
I still use this trick today to find my car when I park somewhere I am unfamiliar with.
I just had to tip my cap. I worked as an imaging clerk for Copart Auto Auctions about 18-years ago. My job was more about putting the images on the website (and ordering new photos if they weren’t to-spec, or if there was visible gore—it being an insurance auction), but I have an intimate awareness of your experience. It was an interesting, if poorly paid, job experience.
Because I saw this headline, I tried to hold my key fob to my head today to lock my car, but it didn't work and I had to walk closer. So, there's one data point for you. Maybe I'm doing it wrong
I’ve been using this trick for many years. Things like when in a car park and trying to confirm I’ve locked my car at some distance, this has worked. It’s been pretty reliable for me.
I typically press it firmly against my chin, and I have observed increased range many times (including testing this trick explicitly with a few different fobs a few years ago out of curiosity). Try pressing more firmly, or rotating the fob.
I too have been using this trick for many years on many cars since first seeing it done by Clarkson on Top Gear (circa 2006 IIRC and linked in the PSE question). I still baffle people with the considerable amount of extra range it can achieve. Half a football pitch was probably the best example I got on a 2008 Nissan Qashqai.
It also works holding it near your torso, don't have to use your head.
Although, the joke you tell your friends is that it only works if they open their mouth and stick out their tongue like a satellite dish.
The fact that it works next to your torso made me think it was just a matter of bouncing half the radio emissions towards the vehicle, thus doubling the signal. Just like someone holding an omni-directional campaign lamp close to their body increases the light headed in a certain directions.
I've had my fob fail to work multiple times while walking away from my car, so I take it out of my pocket and put it near my lower back and it works (even though I'm now even farther away because I'm walking).
We could then measure how the signal range changes as you pee, particularly with the length of the urine stream.
I'm serious. This would be an analogue to those navy experiments with shooting streams of sea water to fashion temporary antennas of arbitrary length, instead of having permanent ones that have fixed length and stick out.
Thanks for the liquid antenna pointer, I had no idea this was actually tried! Apparently not only the navy thought about this, but there are idea floating around about using liquid metal for variable length antennas.
I can confirm that holding the remote next to the head doesn't work, but touching chin, temple or the back of the head does extend the range. This works not just with car remotes, but also with garage door openers.
My favorite place (and yes I do this since I saw the Top Gear) is under the chin, pointing the fob/key upwards and opening my mouth. So it doesn't use the skull's cavity but the mouth's (or so I think/believe)
Funny how everybody readily accepts the metric system for measuring radio wavelengths without complaints. Even the most hardcore traditionalist ham radio operator in America never complains about naming bands with meters.
It’s because the antennas in fobs lack an effective ground and are typically unbalanced. The body acts as an RC choke, creating a short on the ground side of the antenna (a typically intentional part of the design). The closer the fob is to your body mass, the better it will perform. Bone may also act as a reflector to some degree, and height can play a role.
I can imagine you may also try to raise your hands to get less ground interference, at which point it would not be inappropriate to invoke the power of Greyskull.
I was looking to see if someone had posted this, as it was what I immediately thought of when I saw the title. Lovely video, wild to think it's been that long since it's release.
Wow, I first heard about this in the early 90's in high school! I was told to hold it under your chin. It seemed to work, but I never formally did any experimentation nor did I have the statistics base back then. I still did it up until I got a proximity fob a few years ago. However, I always felt silly because I thought it was an old wives tail from my childhood. Very cool to learn there's actual science behind it.
>"This is a really interesting question. It turns out that your body is reasonably conductive (think salt water, more on that in the answer to this question), and that it can couple to RF sources capacitively."
Used to have a radio transmitter that plugged into my car lighter, and hook up to an mp3 player (or whatever) and transmit that on a radio frequency that the car could pick up. Often it would be staticky unless I set the device on my leg, and then it got a lot clearer.
Always assumed it just kind of turned my body into an extra large antenna. Probably works for a key fob in a similar way.
This saved me from blistering cold just yesterday night. Car was too far for the webasto heater to receive signal from the fob. Tried multiple times, then remembered this trick. And yes, car picked up the signal when sent from the forehead.
Am I the only one for whom this doesn’t work? If I try to unlock the car with the fob against my head, my car doesn’t seem to receive any signal. But if I try and unlock the car from the same distance, key fob not on head, it works like normal.
Hold the fob under and in contact with your chin and aim your face at your car. The beam gets focused in a specific direction when you're using your head to amplify the signal. This is how you get improved distance with your head. Your skull is not an isotropic resonant emitter. The signal ends up beam-shaped.
There were no large structures around accept for the concrete encased stainless steel vacuum tube of the LIGO Livingston Interferometer which runs parallel to the measurement axis and extends for kilometers in both directions.
When TV still used analog broadcasting, and you were using a rabbit-ears antenna, and, if the signal was at all weak, you could walk around the antenna several feet away and see the effect on the TV screen.
I mean, it's electromagnetic waves. The right wavelength will bounce off things and increase likelihood of receiving a coherent signal. Works for a lot of things; RF, sound, light. RF has low energy and huge wavelengths. IIRC keyfobs are in the 200-600MHz range.
One reason the question is unanswered is that the energy absorbed by a human from radio waves depends upon the relationship between the size of the human and the frequency of the radio waves. Just as a TV antenna of the right length and orientation picks up the best signal (the most energy) from a transmitted wave, so it is with a human being. It appears that the cranial cavity of a mammal will resonate at specific radio frequencies determined by the size of the brain cavity. At these resonant frequencies the human head will absorb vastly more radiowave energy than it will at other nearby frequencies.
An adult's head will resonate at a frequency between 350 and 400 MHz (megahertz). Being smaller, a child's head will resonate at a higher frequency, somewhere between 600 and 850 MHz. Since each individual may have his or her own resonant frequency, a particular frequency radiowave might affect one person more than another. Consequently, testing on humans--even if people are willing to let this happen--can be rather complicated.
Basically the human head is a resonance chamber that probably amplifies the signal. But also your body is made of water, and RF bounces off metal and water. The capacitive coupling of skin probably adds an enhancement to the effect.
Given the conductance of flesh and the frequencies at question the skin depth would only be a few cm at most. The RF energy never makes it through the brain.
I've started using a HAT running the TINFOIL distribution, then I've configured ingress with request token validation. I bill everyone around me on a per-request basis for UNLOCK calls to their car. I've found the system works pretty well at keeping unwanted GET requests to my MIND database by various bad actors.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5SRH6Ac1LI&t=25s Love that movie. I didn't remember that so I found the scene. The character's joking / trying to mess with the other person. "You gotta put that thing to your chin. It makes your head into an antenna, so... I think it gives you cancer but you find your car faster. I mean, you don't live as long but you get where you're going quicker so it all evens out. Just a suggestion." At 5:15 in that video she tries it and it works.
Depends. There is lots of irrational fear with this and as far as I know, no solid proof for harm, but there is extra electricity flowing in your head, because of the transmission of your phone. I don't like talking on the phone that much anyway, so I do not care so much, but if I would talk for hours, I would use a headset (also for ergonomic reasons).
I suspect not. Its a short burst of rf and not done very frequently. (I use this technque with an key fob near an open mouth probably 4 times a year.. Thanks Car talk.
RF is harmless below the point where it directly heats tissue.
Having a full strength cell tower transmitter inside your home is not safe due to the intensity of the transmission, it will directly heat tissue inside your body.
I think the distinction/point is that it's not harmful in the 'this might give you cancer' way that ionizing radiation sources will. Worst case, you get an RF burn... which is not great, but it's effects are immediate and obvious, unlike ionizing radiation which is much more insidious.
Microwave RF that is somewhat directional behaves a lot like laser light.
If you were to step into the beam carried by a waveguide for something like a powerful TV transmitter, it will cook you through like a death ray out of science fiction. Fortunately it's not actually collimated, so just a few feet away the energy is barely enough to cook your retinas faster than your blood supply can cool them (which can cause blindness). Otherwise, yes, it's much like infrared heating effects. If infrared penetrated a few centimetres deep, anyway.
If however you tested it with the fob somewhat isolated it would then be out of tune.
eg in the factory it would be tuned at a set distance from a "dummy body".
It's the same with a walkie-talkie radio. The antenna must be tuned when held in the hand, as your body provides the missing earth or ground-plane.
You can easily demonstrate this. Mount an antenna on a ground-plane with a length of coax, a SWR meter and a transmitter. Tune the antenna so the SWR is 1:1 and then move you hand close to the antenna. Once your hand gets withing a wavelength or so, the effect of the "detuning" can be readily seen on the SWR meter.