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Ask HN: Help me help my deaf teammate
123 points by iwillmemberthis on June 24, 2022 | hide | past | favorite | 77 comments
Hi HN,

I have a deaf team mate. He is a great admin who is hungry to learn more. We have moved our meetings to Microsoft Teams for live captions. This has helped all of us immensely.

I've read older HN submissions from deaf community members with great ideas. The articles are old, and I'm sure there are new ideas.

Please help me to help my team mate.

Thanks in advance.

*Edit - I forgot to mention we're 99% remote. Thanks for every suggestion so far.




Is this a team mate at a US company? If so, note that Teams live captioning may not be enough to meet your non discrimination requirements. Your company may have a legal obligation to hire an ASL interpreter or human transcriber, including for in person meetings.

My biggest recommendation is to use a phone call for audio because he can then use America’s free video relay service for ASL or captioned telephone service. The captions on captioned telephone use both an AI and a human in conjunction, so they are much more accurate.

Try to do some audio-free team bonding exercises. Perhaps charades (with everyone typing answers).

If he uses ASL, learn some and provide resources to other teammates to learn some. Knowing some ASL, at minimum enough to do some small talk, will be a huge sign of respect towards him if that’s his native language.

Finally, something that people might not think about: If he misses something someone said and asks you what it was, never say "it's nothing" or "it wasn't important" or "it was just a joke" no matter how minor the comment was. Just repeat it no matter what.


> Finally, something that people might not think about: If he misses something someone said and asks you what it was, never say "it's nothing" or "it wasn't important" or "it was just a joke" no matter how minor the comment was. Just repeat it no matter what.

This is absolutely critical. It's hard enough to interrupt multiple times (especially when you need to ask about the same misheard thing multiple times) and being shut down makes it even harder.


100%. As someone who's HoH (Hard of Hearing) this is by far the worst thing. It can lead to frustration, depression, and also self isolation simply to not be exposed to it.

Being Deaf or HoH can be very isolating. Sometimes it's nice (think "built in noise cancellation!"), other times not (feel really left out). Do what you can to include your team mates.


For these kinds of things, especially in a virtual meeting, having a "side channel" chat can be entirely helpful - I do it for people who aren't fully paying attention or are otherwise distracted.


100% this. I'm not deaf, but when working in foreign countries functionally I am. Repeating stuff back to me as "it's nothing" is extremely frustrating. I'd rather be the judge of "it's nothing".


https://www.drawbattle.io/ is a great bonding game with no audio needs


Nice suggestion! In the same spirit, Gartic Phone[1] is also a great team bonding game that needs no audio. It plays like a telephone game, but with drawings and (written) guessing. The way the initial message is transformed during all the drawing-guessing rounds is always hilarious.

[1] https://garticphone.com/


https://drawbattle.io/AMHQ


We play https://skribbl.io/ religiously


> Finally, something that people might not think about: If he misses something someone said and asks you what it was, never say "it's nothing" or "it wasn't important" or "it was just a joke" no matter how minor the comment was. Just repeat it no matter what.

I’m not deaf or hard of hearding but I have ADHD and I might have auditory processing issues and I cannot stand when someone does this.


I really appreciate reading this. This is good for me to know if I ever have the opportunity to work with a non-hearing person (not sure what is considered the most acceptable term).


Deaf or hard of hearing (if they can hear but not as well as a hearing person - e.g. they need a hearing aid and a quite environment to understand speech) are used most commonly.


Using the relay for a meeting?

Have you done this effectively in a work environment?


Yes, I have done many virtual meetings using VRS. You do have to ensure that you do everything a little slower if you’re using a lot of technical language because the terps need time to fingerspell.

I’ve also used a video interpreting service for in person meetings (the terp is virtual everyone else is in person). That works well because private interpreter services will take the time to review a slide deck, notes, or a glossary ahead of time and learn any jargon or be prepared to come up with abbreviations with the Deaf coworker.


In my experience, it hasn't been just a little slower — but that could of course be dependent on the response time of the callers I specifically was interacting with via the service.


It can depend quite a bit on the interpreter too.


Have you spoken with him about what he'd like?

I think everyone has different tastes (both personal and also in relation to the types of hearing loss they have) and one of my buttons in particular is when people go out of their way to do everything... except ask what I prefer.

For example, if he prefers to do video chats (I myself do), he may appreciate hand raising/visual cues before speaking (to context switch), clear lighting and dimmer backgrounds (to help lip reading/curing), better mics (basically not anything onboard). Additionally, things like someone taking minutes and recording decisions can be helpful for review afterward to clear up misconceptions or assumptions.

It may be that no matter how many video chat accommodations there are, he may not feel completely included and would prefer text of some kind.

I think another important thing is to make him feel welcome to interrupt or say something outside of the meetings, both implicitly and through explicit reminders -- sometimes it turns out that some accommodations don't work out, or someone is just particularly difficult to understand (accents, enunciation), or something just throws it all out the window (people without cameras, suddenly noisy backgrounds, etc) and it can be hard being the odd one out saying "Hey, this actually isn't working."

I think really though, my strongest recommendation would be to keep him actively involved in accommodations without springing anything on him.

Edit: I want to emphasize that I do think it's great that you're reaching out and trying to help! I just also want to emphasize that for some people, loss of agency regarding how they handle their accommodations, no matter how well-intentioned, can feel bad.


This, absolutely. Different people have different preferences, and a lot of folks can be surprised at the sheer variety of options out there. People also have different preferences about how many, hm, visible? accommodations they like; some like 'em, some don't (me).

Would set up a casual meeting with him to go over what he'd prefer, see what works best for the two of you and the company, and go from there. A big part of dignity is feeling like you have some choice in the matter, to echo OP.


maybe better to just raise the issue generally for yourself about how well the meeting/communication style is working and get everyone's feedback on collaboration tools and process so that no one is put on the spot. not only does this avoid singling anyone out, but it will capture all the problems (and hopefully solve them) regardless of whatever challenges people may be facing.

check in with your manager and hrbp before doing so though. you don't want to step on any laws or toes. (and hr may already have a program in place to help)


Pre-remote, I worked well with a deaf colleague by pair-programming across a corner of a desk so we were facing both each other and the screen.

We also changed standups to mean that only the person holding the Bluetooth mic connected to his cochlear implant could speak: that had the added benefit of stopping standups from falling into solution-finding exercises.


> We also changed standups to mean that only the person holding the Bluetooth mic connected to his cochlear implant could speak: that had the added benefit of stopping standups from falling into solution-finding exercises.

That's wonderful! As the parent of a child with bilateral hearing loss, this accommodation would help immensely in his future work and study environments.


It went even further than that: as he had difficulty in lip reading at a shallow angle in the original (too big) team circle it was the catalyst we needed to split the team into three smaller sub-teams, which also benefited the overall team’s performance.


Two pizza team is out, internal angle of <120 degrees is in! This rocks. Total curb cut effect for all the other team members.


Curb-cut Effect FTW!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curb_cut_effect


I am hard of hearing and lip read to assist with following conversations.

I absolutely hate video conferencing tools. The sound is horrible and live captions are often incorrect. Very few people speak clearly enough for accurate captioning.

I prefer to read and be shown rather than being told. I prefer email, and avoid voicemail.

So if you are trying help your team mate, simply focus on alternatives to talking and listening. The internet is great for learning since so much good material is available in written form.


The worst is that one person that seems to exist on every team whose microphone sounds like it's being filtered through Satan's asshole, and they do nothing to attempt to improve the situation no matter how many times you tell them their audio is incomprehensible.


Your company should provide better audio equipment for those users.


They do, this guy insists on using his phone to join Zoom calls


I believe there are ways to disable phone for Zoom calls ... but that needs buy-in (you can disable audio conferencing, and say it's for "security reasons").


Surely a manager directly approaching the individual and saying “don’t do that” is a better approach?


99.9% of these problems could be solved by a manager doing their job, but that's the problem.


Why not to connect an external USB mic to a desired smartphone?


My brother is hard of hearing and extremely disillusioned about his workplace, but somehow he managed to bulldoze the team. The last time he told me that he has a separate captioning software running to Zoom meeting audio. This seems to work so well that he started to ignore running Zoom meetings and continued working and after the meeting he reads the transcripts. He said: „My colleagues are all complete bozos and most of the time what they utter is irrelevant.“

I find this frighteningly awesome and blasé.


> Very few people speak clearly enough for accurate captioning.

If this is true of most people, then maybe the finger of blame should not point at the people. Software sucks. That's why we all have jobs.


Hard of hearing as well. Personally, I have found Zoom's live captions to be decent to make sense of what's happening. There are some words that are misinterpreted, but the overall context is understood.

My only complaint is that these accessibility features should be available to everyone, not gated to free users. At the start of COVID in 2020, Zoom allowed free users to request captions as well and it took a few followups for my account to be enabled. Not sure if they are still offering it.


> so much good material is available in written form.

Have you found a slide towards video occuring across resources?

I can’t stand video as a learning tool, I want to skim read and focus on the bits that I don’t already know.


I'm annoyed by the number of videos. What's worse is that in most cases what takes 45+ minutes on a video could be read in 5-10 minutes in written form.

Where available I go for the transcripts.


“ Another thing to keep in mind is accessibility increases access for everyone, including non-disabled users. “ Haben Girma: https://habengirma.com/transcripts/wwdc_2016.txt


A lot of folks here wants you to ask him what he wants.

Be prepared to hear that he doesn’t know what would help. But he will appreciate that you’re giving him agency.

One of the challenges I have with this question as someone who is mainstreamed, profoundly deaf (this means I don’t know sign language) is that deafness takes a number of forms, so there’s no real one size fits all solution.

But far be it for me to point out problems not suggest solutions!

* ask him if it would help to provide a real-time transcription service. This is not an automated system but a specially trained human who will transcribe meetings in real time.

* ask him if he wants someone to write a meeting summary that captures decisions made, action items delegated etc. then make sure that happens.

* ask him if an ASL interpreter would help.

* sign up for sign language courses yourself and use your professional development budget to pay for it. If he doesn’t know ASL ask if he would want to learn also. Pay for his training.

* help him find a professional community of deaf persons to be a part of. Give him options. No group is perfect for everyone.

* the biggest barrier he will face in his life is isolation. So support him so that he doesn’t feel isolated.

* if your company throws company events for everyone to participate in, try to create a something similar, running concurrently, that’s accessible for him. Solicit ideas from him but it could look like a small group chat online or playing games online.

* hearing aids (if he needs them) are REALLY FRICKING EXPENSIVE - benefits typically cover up to $500 and aids can cost $2-7K. Offer to buy his next pair.

This is all off the top of my head. I could probably think of more with some time.

I hope this helps. Thank you for taking the initiative to make him feel part of your team.

(Edit: formatting)


Could you expound on the definition of profoundly deaf, please? I think the phrase is used differently here (US American midwest/south).


Yep!

The scale I have seen used includes the terms “mild, moderate, severe, profound”…

… ah. Here’s a chart that might help:

https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/degree-of-hearing-loss/

I’m not an audiologist so while this is a great question I don’t have these answers at my fingertips :)

At any rate, my “definition” was intended to clarify what mainstream meant in this context.


ah, "mainstreamed" means not using ASL as your primary language (or at all, sounds like?), got it.

I have seen folks make a related distinction: born deaf or lost hearing.

Then there are some categories which are defined by physiology: some folks can't receive any benefit from cochlear implants because the biological hardware isn't there to interface with.

This just blows my mind: There are folks who fall into the subset of a subset of a subset and thus are so different from me that it's hard to imagine what it is like to be them, and yet, through ASL for example, or games, or so many things, it becomes apparent that they are just like me--and again, not at all. Minds are neat.


For others reading, "mainstreamed" means being placed in a regular classroom. An ASL user might be mainstreamed with interpreters for communication access. On the other hand someone who grows up using oral methods for communication might use hearing aids, CI, FM units, reading/writing in a mainstream classroom.


We have someone deaf on my team too. Text chat is the best way to do it. Often we'll screen share in addition to chatting on a client like Slack and that works well in my experience. We find live captions a bit hit and miss, but it helps when there's no alternative. Normally in addition to live captions we'll have someone add notes in chat too.

I've never been diagnosed with anything officially but I have a stutter problem and I struggle to convert my thoughts to words in real-time. So even for someone like myself I find text preferable to voice/video meetings most of the time anyway. I suspect a lot of non-native speakers probably feel similar too.

Video / voice meetings can be nice to do from time to time for casual meetings such as retrospectives, but when I need to explain something technical I'd rather have time to compile my thoughts and write them down in a way that's clear and easy to understand. Plus if I write it down it's stored on Slack for later reference and it's more accessible for those who struggle with audible communication.


(I'm not deaf, and barely discuss with hard of hearing people, so I'm likely not relevant)

Main factor should be to ask him, to better understand how he "works around". "Best case comparaison" for video conferencing is IRL meetings. Does he feel "comfortable" with IRL meetings assuming proper lightning and face orientation? If not, then it's likely there is no fancy video conferencing that'll be ok, and just forget about video conferencing.

Assuming he reads lips, better video overall: Give all co-workers better cameras and lighting, check that Microsoft Teams doesn't compress stupidly (if it does, maybe try other systems...), have your coworkers frame the camera properly on their face. Better mics if he can hear a tiny bit.

Write minutes live in a shared document.


It may not be well-known in the hearing community, but for some people sign language (generally ASL in the USA) is their first language, and English is their second.

I obviously don't know what the case is here, but switching to text meetings or live captioning isn't necessarily a full solution for all deaf people.


Yes, this.

If you have an "ASL-first" person on your team, it might be extremely useful to take a college course on ASL, if only to learn some fundamentals (sign space, facial expressions as grammatical constructs, etc), a description of deaf culture (like, it exists and varies from region to region), and the inevitable "hey class, let's debunk some myths about deaf people" talk.

(ASL is American Sign Language. Substitute your region's dominate sign language. I did hear that not every sign language is as linguistically rich as ASL?)


I don’t have any practical suggestions for you but I recently read the novel “True Biz”[1] and it was a really great introduction to Deaf culture. I can’t remember the last time I learned so much from a work of fiction. The author also deliberately doesn’t use quotation marks so the formatting of the dialog makes reading and understanding it a little jarring at first which is a neat way for a book to subtly drop the reader into a situation where language and communication don’t really behave the way you expect and you’re forced to adjust accordingly.

[1]https://app.thestorygraph.com/books/ae20c558-ecff-4258-a8e0-...


I don't have any resources to share, but it's great to see that people actually care, your buddy has a great team!


You didn't say where you are, but many cities have Deaf and Hard of Hearing advocacy groups. You should reach out to them for resources for your teammate but also for you. They'll probably bend over backwards to help!

Also, unless your teammate is actively involved in whatever actions you take, you need to make sure they want help and that they communicate to you what they want help with. The last thing they want is an overconcerned workmate who gets in their business to "help".


When in video meetings with team members, there are often a few people who do not turn on their video camera because of some reason given like "they are shy" or something.

This is unacceptable because they have no problem with showing their face in the office instead of concealing it behind a veil.

These people need to be reminded that to be inclusive with this team member, they need to turn their camera on.

I remember one job interview I had, I had my camera on, and the two people interviewing me had theirs off. Difficult situation for me because it makes a difference in communication being able to see the person, and also, a job interview is especially difficult because one wishes to not upset the interviewer. But in retrospect, I think if this situation occurred again I would speak up and ask if it would be possible for them to turn on the camera.

Camera being on or off in meetings can be passive-aggressiveness.


This is overlay simplistic.

There are many reasons why people might have their cameras off, the main one that comes to mind is that it generally overly impacts women where there is a general (stupid) societal expectation that they have to look 'a certain way' (makeup , hair done etc). Having cameras off can mitigate this.

I personally like cameras on, but it isn't good for everyone, and is not a clear cut decision by any means.


Mixed feelings on this. My issue with cameras off were mostly entirely with men, not women. I do not refer to a call out of the blue, but rather, a scheduled in advance team business meeting with multiple parties present. Men have no excuse here. They are always presentable if they have shaved. I didn't, and don't understand why men would not always agree to be seen.

Women, I grant that there is much more effort required on their part.. but here is the thing.. if it's a scheduled business meeting in the calendar, if it was on the physical premises, they would be spending the time anyway on their appearance. So, this is not additional time they would need to spend but already allocated time. So if they are at a remote site, they should still be presentable because they are in the workplace.


Howdy there. I create transcripts for executive board meetings; providing live comprehension assistance for someone like this has been a thing I've mulled occasionally, as it would be nice to do something meaningful when I'm not detailing the intrigues of the corporate elite. If you'd like to discuss it, feasibility on my end would be primarily determined by your meeting frequency and duration — I don't have to keep any particular hours for my primary transcription work, but I deal with high volume. Rough estimate for availability: if you're in Teams meetings with your colleague fewer than 6ish hours a week, that could be tenable. If that fits, I'm very interested in seeing if I can help y'all.


We have a deaf team member. He asks for very little in the way of accommodations and performs very well at his role. At most he'll ask for CC to be turned on during a Teams Meeting when it's a 3rd party facilitator and that stuff is disabled by default.

What I picked up on early on was that he struggled during face-to-face meetings with reading lips. And I made a conscious effort to turn toward him, speak a little slower and more purposefully, and to reiterate what others said when responding to comments, which helped him tremendously.

That being said, our Org when 100% remote during the pandemic and if anything has made him a stronger member of the team because it forces more non-verbal communication.


More generally I would encourage your teammate to check out JAN - Job Accommodation Network [0], and sit down with HR to discuss what they need.

They also have a nice a-z list [1] of every disability, limitation, and workfunction. You might find something for yourself that you struggle with and didn't know could be accommodated. Anything from physical limitations to random phobias can be accomodated.

[0] https://askjan.org/disabilities/Deafness.cfm

[1] https://askjan.org/a-to-z.cfm


Stop wasting everyone's time with face to face meetings. Words are meaningless, easily misinterpreted and non binding.

Written documentation of actions are easily referenced and binding.


I'm tired of people always jumping on the latest technological hype-train. O.K Typing is great but I used Speech successfully for decades before it was deprecated and I'm not going to jump on the latest trend and change my whole workflow and tooling just because young devs want to add the cool new tech like "Typing" to their resumes.

Words are semantic units, they are by definition and purpose: meaningful.

Speech is also:

* Synchronous

* A faster form of communication than the fastest typers

* A much much faster form of communication than the average typer

* Has incredibly good built-in features for communication like:

* The ability to see who's currently talking

* The ability to communicate a thought almost continuously rather than discretely

* The ability to be interrupted to provide new information when necessary

* Built-in styling features like tone, feeling, volume to emphasize important information

* Built-in synchronous next-speaker negotiation

* Privacy respecting and non-binding which is incredibly important in heavily regulated industries where everything recorded must be very carefully thought out because it might come up in discovery 10 years later


This is an absolutely horrendous claim. Every person is different, there is absolutely no replacement for face to face talk for me and my current co-workers. I need it, if my company decides it'll be replaced with written-only communication, I'll leave them in a second. Seeing people's facial expressions, hearing their tone, understanding how they react to spontaneous questions, what frustrates them, what things they feel confident about, what things they're puzzled about... There is no easy way to express these via text.

Please understand that I have no problem with remote work; I'm only responding to your implication that face to face meetings are "waste of time".


> Words are meaningless, easily misinterpreted and non binding.

I wish more people recognized this, instead of expecting everyone else to remember "that thing that we talked about, like, last week".

I imagine it should be possible to create an organization where all communication would be just specification and documentation. I wonder if there is anything that can't in principle be done that way.


It is nice where it works out. Some organizations have staff working manual labor who are not as literate or articulate with written communication. Some organizations are competing at a pace where a rival organization can beat them with a well run meeting over waiting for emails to be written, read, and replied to.


I think that could work in an environment where everything could be cleanly laid out and understood in advance, without room for error or confusion or misalignment. I think it is a lot easier to burn through misunderstandings with face to face or otherwise synchronous speech.

Detailed note taking is a good remedy for the whole "words only last as long as your throat cords vibrate" thing.

Although now that I think about it we're probably pretty close to agreeing, I'm really just pointing out the value of regular old talking as a good escape for when text based communications slow down or fail but implicitly I'm assuming a world where the default is text.. which is what it sounds like you'd prefer.


I mean in principle almost any form of communication is possible, but there's a reason you don't go to dinner with a friend and only communicate through post-it notes: because it is unnatural and inefficient.


> remember "that thing that we talked about, like, last week".

If you're lucky. Usually it's “Hey new hire, remember that thing Alice and Bob talked about last year, before they left the company?”


You might want to check out Automattic (the makers of Wordpress) and their P2 tool - https://vickiboykis.com/2021/07/17/writing-for-distributed-t...


Meeting notes


Ask him! I bet he has a lot of the critical insight about what works best for him. (Maybe he's already expressing it?) And I also bet that asking him is the correct first step to integrating the insight he doesn't have. And I bet the fine details matter.

  "when Leonardo painted the portrait of Ginevra de Benci in 
  the National Gallery, he put a juniper bush behind her head. 
  In it he carefully painted each individual leaf. Many 
  painters might have thought, this is just something to put 
  in the background to frame her head. No one will look that 
  closely at it.

  Not Leonardo. How hard he worked on part of a painting 
  didn't depend at all on how closely he expected anyone to 
  look at it. He was like Michael Jordan. Relentless.

  Relentlessness wins because, in the aggregate, unseen 
  details become visible. When people walk by the portrait of 
  Ginevra de Benci, their attention is often immediately 
  arrested by it, even before they look at the label and 
  notice that it says Leonardo da Vinci. All those unseen 
  details combine to produce something that's just stunning, 
  like a thousand barely audible voices all singing in tune."

  ~ https://www.paulgraham.com/hp.html
We all experience levels of communication that go beyond sufficient or effective. There's probably a zone of virtuosity that's hard to get to but invaluable if achieved where his way of communicating best is obviously neither defective nor deficient but uniquely, non-fungibly, performant and contributive. I feel unlocking unaccessed virtuosity is the key to achieving the truly apex outcomes we all want.

Kudos to you for striving to be inclusive!

EDIT check this out:

  "Benefit: More opportunities for quiet voices
  In many teams there are a combination of voices, some 
  quieter and some more assertive. Having this diversity on a 
  team is really beneficial, but can make it hard for everyone 
  to be heard. Quiet voices can find it harder to find a space 
  to interject their thoughts, or prefer to take time to think 
  about their response before communicating it, risking the 
  topic ending before the thought is shared.

  Text communication doesn’t discriminate against this 
  difference in communication style. Everyone can share their 
  ideas at their own pace, and the reader never knows how long 
  it might have taken to put thoughts into words. There’s no 
  waiting for turns, and order is more often determined by who 
  is online when, and what time in their schedule they have 
  blocked out for messages."

  ~https://buffer.com/resources/asynchronous-meetings/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechitza


Why does he need your help?

Why do you think he needs you to post on his behalf?

It's likely the main issue is not his problem but the team's: a lack of documentation for the system or of any reasoned basis for decision-making. And that won't change until the team gives up on deciding what to do based on who-knows-whom with a veneer of process, and instead has honest design discussions and decisions, on the record.


I don't think that person asked the OP to reach out on their behalf. OP is just trying to learn how they can be respectful/supportive of the deaf person's condition and help.


Your team mate should post his story himself. If you post for him it is like he cannot speak for himself.

Discrimination can be so subtle that people aren't aware that they discriminate, yet it is damaging.

Deaf people have a word for this phenomen: Hearing Privilege.

Note: I am Deaf myself and sometimes I lend Hacker News my view about my experiences being a Deaf programmer and legal.


If live captioning fails for whatever reason and someone who types slowly needs to communicate, an option is asking the person to speak calmly and clearly as if speaking to an audience of 100 people. Calm simple language makes the guy at the back who can't hear every word understand you and a lip reader who may miss a few words would be able to understand


Check out talknagish.com. They have a phone app that converts phone calls into text in real-time (better accuracy than teams) and they have an add on for zoom/teams/meet that allows Deaf/HH users to read captions in real time and type instead or in addition to using their voice


One thing I haven’t seen mentioned much here is this: make an active, ongoing effort to include them in your teams social life.

Most people just give up when trying to communicate with people that struggle with spoken English as a modality. That can be a profoundly isolating experience.


I will never understand why people choose to have business meetings in the first place. In every scenario that doesn’t include personal introductions, everyone would be better off collaborating digitally.

Perhaps we are still missing the tools to do that effectively.

Crucially, I don’t mean we need another face-to-face/mouth-to-ear communication tool, or yet another way to write the same documents together. We need a new paradigm for thinking collaboratively, and tools to support that.

There’s your free billion dollar idea for today.


Managers love meetings. Makes them feel important. And since nothing is written down, it allows them to deny or twist what they had said in the past.

Seems to me that the majority of people are extroverts and gain energy from social interactions. Those who are introverts and prefer to research and think are labelled as being on the spectrum by the majority.


I don’t believe there are ”introverts” and ”extroverts”.

I think these are labels we apply to behaviour, which places them squarely under ”fundamental attribution error”.




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