Does FDW let you do performant `FULL OUTER JOIN`s and/or `NATURAL FULL OUTER JOIN`s? If so then I would think that would be a decent place to start for remote DB diffs for PG. If might not be enough, of course, if the tables are huge, in which case taking a page from rsync and using some sort of per-row checksum as TFA does is clearly a good idea.
I'm not completely sure I understand your comment, so pardon me if I misunderstand. I don't think a foreign data wrapper would fundamentally to be more efficient with whatever table is ~foreign~, especially for an OUTER JOIN? Unless you're basically implementing something similar to data-diff with an OUTER JOIN with FDW, which seems possible
If you're doing in-database diffs, however, a join-based approach will likely outperform data-diff though.
Ideally databases would have support a standard MERKLE TREE INDEX so we could get extremely fast comparisons.
