Without NN won't ranking pages by "page speed" simply enhance the benefits of purchasing "fast lanes" near end points (on previously dumb pipes ;-) to those willing to do so?
It sounds like you're describing a Content Delivery Network (CDN). Many sites use CDNs in order to serve content from as close to the user as possible, often from within the ISP's network. This is unrelated to Net Neutrality, and has been common practice for years.
Using a CDN is one way to speed up your site, but there are lots of other important steps like reducing dependencies and compressing your resources.
(Source: I used to work on mod_pagespeed at Google, now I work on other things there.)
Probably not, since Google is presumably measuring speed via their own connection (possibly with simulated mobile network speeds), not via random user endpoints.
