Especially the changed trade-offs regarding nutrition are interesting. Right now in the west we can meet pretty much arbitrarily high calorie intake requirements with decent control over its composition but we're still in the energy conserving mode, making us fat and "lazy".
Another trade-off completely changed by modern civilization is risk aversion. We can afford much more risk because of modern medicine, because of living in populous, anonymous cities, because of immense wealth to fall back on... And yet it takes a lot of courage for most people to approach and talk to a stranger (an attractive stranger of the opposite sex in particular), fight in a martial arts tournament, or stand out in any significant way (by dressing differently, by speaking loudly). Those who do usually aren't making a calculated decision but are simply unadjusted.
Another trade-off completely changed by modern civilization is risk aversion. We can afford much more risk because of modern medicine, because of living in populous, anonymous cities, because of immense wealth to fall back on... And yet it takes a lot of courage for most people to approach and talk to a stranger (an attractive stranger of the opposite sex in particular), fight in a martial arts tournament, or stand out in any significant way (by dressing differently, by speaking loudly). Those who do usually aren't making a calculated decision but are simply unadjusted.